The Sovietisation of Eastern Europe 1945-1968

Sovietisation of Eastern Europe 1945-1968 World war two saw a grand alliance of Britain, America and Russia created in order to defeat their common enemy, Adolf Hitler. In pursuit of this goal they attended a number of conferences to plan their attacks and to decide on the future of post war Europe. At Teheran in 1943 Churchill voiced concerns about the post-war situation in Eastern Europe, he was afraid that victory over the Nazis would leave the USSR in control of Eastern Europe.To prevent this from happening he proposed that the Anglo-American’s open up a second front in the Balkans. Stalin rejected this proposal as he knew it would thwart his plan to extend his ‘sphere of influence’ in Eastern Europe after the war, and insisted the second front be opened in France. The war in Europe was nearly over when the allied leaders met at Yalta. While there was general agreement on how to deal with Germany, Churchill and Stalin had different ideas when it came to Poland .Stalin wanted the communist-dominated Lubin committee to form the new government, whereas Churchill spoke out in favour of the London based Polish government in exile. It was agreed that a coalition government would be created but no decision was made on where Poland’s borders would be drawn after the war. The question of Poland was raised again at Potsdam. Stalin got two leaders to accept the Lubin government but he promised that after the war free elections would be held. Moscow saw control of Eastern Europe as essential to soviet security.Stalin had lived through two German invasions of his country and he was determined that the USSR would never again face the threat of invasion from the West. He believed that if the counties to the west of the USSR were ‘friendly’ they would act as a ‘buffer zone’ between the USSR and Western Europe. However as the ‘grand alliance’ had disintegrated and the Cold War intensified Stalin presses on wit h his plan which usually involved three stages. In Poland, after the war, sixteen of the twenty five members of the Polish government were communists.This resulted in an intense power struggle between the communists and the more popular Peasants Party and Socialist Party. While Stalin had promised that the elections would be free and fair, they were anything but. In the 1947 election the communists won 80% of the vote and a one-party communist state was created. The Catholic Church became the main opposition voice in Poland with Cardinal Wyszynski imprisoned for his support of resistance groups. Despite this, the sovietisation of Poland lasted 40 years.In Hungary the communists initially formed only a small part of a national government after the war. In the 1945 election the communists only won 17% of the vote while the Smallholders Party won 60%. However, under pressure from the Soviet Union the PM Tidly was forced to appoint a communist Rakosi as his deputy and Rajk as minister o f the interior, latter position meant that the communists controlled the police and the legal system and they used this to terrorise members of the opposition parties.In the 1947 election the communists won 24% of the vote but by merging with the social Democrats they were able to get the Parliament to pass a new constitution in 1949. The coalition government in Czechoslovakia lasted longer than in other eastern bloc countries. The democratic parties held the majority in this government with Benes as president and Jan Masaryk as Foreign Minister. However as had happened in other eastern bloc countries a communist, Gottwald, was appointed PM and they also controlled the Ministry of the Interior.Benes hoped to establish Czechoslovakia as a ‘bridge’ between East and West, capable of maintaining contact with both sides and so in 1948 hoped to participate in the Marshall Plan. This resulted in a coup by the communist party with the help of the red army and on the 9th of May a new constitution was introduced which created a soviet-style government. Stalin proceeded to tighten his grip on East Germany and trouble erupted in berlin in 1930 when the government demaned extra productivity from the workers.

Results And Discussion Respondents Profile Health And Social Care Essay

This subdivision reviews the personal and professional backgrounds of the respondents. Apart from their designated places, an LNC ‘s disposition towards certain nutrition and nutrition-related plans is partially established by their age ( the period from which their perceptual experience is based on ) , gender and length of service ( old ages of experience in the execution of plans ) in the authorities.Distribution of RespondentsThere were 31 respondents in entire ; 22.6 per centum came from barangay 1 and each 19.4 per centum represented the provincial, metropolis, municipality and barangay 2 degrees ( Table 1 ) . The expected respondents of the study were caputs of LNC ; nevertheless, few delegated their coordinators to finish the study. In some cases, the coordinators shared the same cognition and patterns as their caputs and sing how LGUs map, coordinators were important places.Table 1. Distribution of RespondentsDegreeFrequencyPercentageProvincial6 19.4City6 19.4Municipality6 19.4Barangay 1 ( City )7 22.6Barangay 2 ( Municipality )6 19.4AgeThe age of LNC ranges from 25 to 65 old ages old. Almost 39 per centum belong to age bracket of 46 to 55 ; about 10 per centum belong to the lowest age bracket of 25 to 35 ; and about 26 per centum came from both 36 to 45 and 56 to 65 age brackets. The youngest respondents were officers from the Department of Interior and Local Government and Department of Education ( 29 old ages old ) and the oldest was a Barangay Nutrition Scholar ( 64 old ages old ) .GenderOf the entire respondents, 87.1 per centum were female while 12.9 per centum were male.Educational AttainmentOut of 31 respondents, more than half ( 51.6 % ) were college alumnuss, around 23 per centum were post-graduates, about 13 per centum were vocational, about 7 per centum were high school alumnuss and 3 per centum were both high school and college undergraduates.Current Position/OfficeAt the provincial, metropolis and municipal degrees, respondents from the Nutrition, Health, Agriculture, Social Welfare and Developm ent, and Planning and Development bureaus comprised about 50 per centum of the population while the staying per centum came from the offices of Interior and Local Government ( 3.2 % ) and Education ( 6.5 % ) . The barangay degree was composed of Barangay Nutrition Scholars ( 6.5 % ) , Rural Health Midwife ( 3.2 % ) , Barangay Health Workers ( 5.0 % ) , Municipal Health Nurse ( 3.2 % ) , Day Care Center Worker ( 3.2 % ) , Kagawad on Health ( 6.5 % ) , and Kagawad on Agriculture ( 3.2 % ) .Length of TenureIn footings of old ages in service, a one-fourth ( 25.8 % ) of the entire respondents has been in office for less than five old ages and a 3rd ( 32.3 % ) have been in office for 10 old ages or less. Majority of the respondents ( 42 % ) have been in office for at least 11 old ages. The longest functioning officer interviewed was a Department of Education Nutrition Head who has been in the office for about 40 old ages.Table 2. Respondents ProfileFeatureFrequencyPercentageAge ( old ages )25 to 35 3 9.7 36 t0 45 8 25.8 46 to 55 12 38.7 56 to 65 8 25.8GenderMale 4 12.9 Female 27 87.1Educational AttainmentHigh School Undergraduate 1 3.2 High School Graduate 2 6.5 College Undergraduate 1 3.2 College Graduate 16 51.6 Vocational 4 12.9 Post-Graduate 7 22.6Current Position/OfficeNutrition 3 9.7 Health 3 9.7 Agribusiness 3 9.7 Education 2 6.5 Social Welfare and Development 3 9.7 Planing and Development 3 9.7 Interior and Local Government 1 3.2 Barangay Nutrition Scholar 2 6.5 Barangay Health Worker 5 16.1 Rural Health Midwife 1 3.2 Municipal Health Nurse 1 3.2 Day Care Center Worker 1 3.2 Kagawad on Health 2 6.5 Kagawad on Agriculture 1 3.2Old ages in Service ( old ages )1 to 5 8 25.8 6 to 10 10 32.3 11 to 15 7 22.6 16 to 20 3 9.7 21 and above 3 9.7Monitoring and Evaluation Systems in LagunaThis subdivision tackles the general and specific cognition and patterns of LNC in the M and E of nutrition plans. Respondents who merely conduct M and E were expected to reply the undermentioned set of inquiries about current M and E tools and patterns. Otherwise, they were asked to continue to the following portion of the questionnaire. Respondents were asked of how they understand M and E or how would they specify the footings. This subdivision besides reviews the data/results of M and E ; the flow of data/results, how it was submitted and used in planning, redesigning and footing for assessment if aims were achieved or non achieved.The Existing Monitoring and Evaluation SystemsIn the overall direction of nutrition and nutrition-related services, the Local Government Units ( LGUs ) , i.e. from the national degree the maps of NNC are performed to the local degree through the Local Nutrition Committees ( LNCs ) down to the barangay degre e. In the state, city/municipality and barangay, LNCs are commissioned for planning, implementing, monitoring, measuring and organizing the local programs of action for nutrition ( NNC, 2009 ) . Tables 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 present the M and E patterns of the LNC for the provincial, metropolis, municipal, barangay 1 and barangay 2 degrees, severally. Some of the monitoring and rating tools used were the followers: Monitoring and Evaluation of Local Level Plan Implementation ( MELLPI ) . MELLPI is conducted yearly by the Regional Evaluation Team ( RET ) from March to April â€Å" to supervise and formalize the efficiency and effectivity of the nutrition and nutrition related activities implemented at the local degree † ( NNC, 2012 ) . MELLPI guidelines present a on the job paper for field implementers in carry oning the activity. This set of guidelines is used by PPAN implementers in carry oning the MELLPI at the national, regional, provincial, metropolis and municipal degrees. The MELLPI purposes to 1 ) Assess the efficiency of local degree execution ; 2 ) Measure alterations in weight position of preschool and school kids during the rating twelvemonth and the immediate past two old ages ; 3 ) Determine the extent to which nutrition is integrated into local development programs and plans ; and 4 ) Advocate for the go oning support for local nutrition plans ( NNC, 2012 ) . National Nutrition Survey ( NNS ) . NNS is a population-based study that assesses nutritionary position of nutritionally at-risk groups. The study updates the official statistics on nutrient, nutrition and wellness state of affairs in the Philippines and subsequently guides the preparation of nutrient and nutrition policies every bit good as intercession and related development plans. Furthermore, the study provides national and sub-national prevalence of malnutrition and proctor alterations in the nutrition state of affairs. ( FNRI, 2011 ) . Field Health Service Information System ( FHSIS ) . The FHSIS purposes to 1 ) provide drumhead informations on wellness service bringing and selected plan achievement indexs at the barangay, municipality/city, territory, provincial, regional, and national degrees ; 2 ) provide informations which, when combined with informations from other beginnings, can be used for plan monitoring and rating purposed ; 3 ) supply a criterion, facility-level database which can be accessed for more in-depths surveies ; 4 ) guarantee that the information reported are utile and accurate and are disseminated in a timely and easy manner ; and 5 ) minimise the load of entering and describing at the service bringing degree in order to let more clip for patient attention and promotive activites ( Sta. Maria, 1993 ) . Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey ( MICS ) . The MICS is a world-wide family study attempt to assist states in make fulling informations spreads for â€Å" monitoring human development in general and the state of affairs of kids and adult females in peculiar † ( UNICEF, 2012 ) . The MICS generated statistically dependable, globally comparable estimations of societal indexs which are needed â€Å" for supervising the ends and marks of the Millennium Declaration, the World Fit for Children Declaration and Plan of Action, the ends of the United Nations General Assembly Special Session on HIV/AIDS ( UNICEF, 2012 ) . Initially, MICS was designed to the international established set of ends that materialized from the 1990 World Summit for Children. Afterwhich, it has been implemented every five old ages since 1995 ( UNICEF, 2005 ) . Barangay Nutrition Action Plan. Formulation of nutrition action programmes has been an institutionalised activity of local nutrition commissions. The nutrition action program serves as the cardinal papers and footing for the integrating of nutrition considerations into the local development programs. It besides serves as the working papers and usher for field implementers and for monitoring and rating. The planning activity is initiated by the Municipal Mayor as Chairman of the MNC, while the municipal nutrition action officer coordinates the activity. Other M and E Tools. Based from the study, nutrition plans were besides assessed utilizing growing chart, single intervention records ( ITS ) , monthly achievement study ( MAR ) , narrative study, guidelines, mark sheet, logbook and pie chart ; during audience, behavior of personal interview, and family visits.Frequency of M and E of Nutrition and Nutrition-related ProgramsThe LNC indicated the frequence of M and E of nutrition and nutrition-related plans. It was categorized as monthly, quarterly and yearly. Others included ex-ante M and E, â€Å" as needed † and â€Å" non applicable † depending on the sorts of plan being implemented ; some marked the day of the month and clip of M and E.Nutritional IndexsNutrition and nutrition-related indexs were besides determined to measure the impact of plans. Nutritional indexs could be used to see the demand for other informations that can be really different from the premises for research, for patient direction, for doing publi c policy or for planning or measuring plans ( Habicht and Pelletier, 1999 ) .Nutrition and Nutrition-related ProgramsThe LNC managed and assessed several nutrition and nutrition-related plans such as distribution of 1 ) Oral Rehydration Solution and 2 ) Oregon and Zn supplementation to babies and immature kids with diarrhoea, 3 ) auxiliary eating provided to undernourish kids, constitution of gardens and raising of little animate beings through 4 ) home/community nutrient production, 5 ) nutrition instruction in school course of study, nutrition guidance, and multi-media run, distribution of seed to school kids in 6 ) school nutrient production plan and the assessment of the 7 ) Philippine Plan of Action for Nutriton..Monitoring and Evaluation Systems in the Provincial LevelAs defined by LNCs at the provincial degree, monitoring is an organized process of roll uping, regular checking of plan execution and construing information about a plan of activities ; appraisals may besides be done during monitoring. Besides, it is a tool to look into whether the trade goods reach the donees ; a supervising to guarantee that activities in advancement are on class and on agenda in run intoing the aims and public presentation marks. On the other manus, rating is looking at results-based on the effectivity and efficiency of the undertaking accomplishments based on the set aims ; measuring the impact of a plan. Evaluation besides involves measuring the strengths and failings of plans, policies, forces, merchandises and organisations to better their effectivity. Furthermore, it is a systematic assessment of the success of a plan, the opinion about whether a plan is successful or non reached by comparing the mark specified in the aim with the alterations that the plan really achieves. At the provincial degree, there were four nutrition plans being monitored and evaluated including auxiliary eating, home/community nutrient production, nutrition instruction and school nutrient production ( Table 3 ) . Auxiliary Feeding. Supplementary eating was assessed by Nutrition, Education and Planning and Development offices. Monitoring tools used were growing chart, single intervention records ( ITR ) , barangay nutrition action program ( BNAP ) , and monthly achievement studies ( MAR ) . Using weight of kids as an index, auxiliary eating was monitored indiscriminately every month, every one-fourth and every twelvemonth. On the other manus, the national nutrition study ( NNS ) , supervising and rating of local degree program execution ( MELLPI ) , accomplishment study and pie chart were used to measure the plan and weight addition as an index. The plan was monitored monthly, quarterly and yearly. Home/Community Food Production. Home/community nutrient production was managed by Nutrition and Agriculture offices. Individual intervention record, BNAP, MAR and MELLPI were used to supervise the plan monthly, quarterly and yearly ; while, the NNS, multiple index bunch study ( MICS ) , MELLPI and MAR were used to measure the plan quarterly and yearly, dated from the month of March to May. Nutrition Education. Nutrition instruction was accomplished by Planing and Development and Nutrition offices utilizing growing chart, BNAP and MAR. The plan was monitored monthly, quarterly and yearly. Whereas, it was evaluated quarterly and yearly utilizing the NNS, MELLPI and MAR. School Food Production. The direction of school nutrient production was supervised by Nutrition and Planning and Development offices. The plan was monitored and evaluated monthly, quarterly and yearly. Barangay Nutriton Action Plan and MAR were used for supervising while NNS, MELLPI and MAR for rating. The consequences gathered from monitoring and rating will be fed back to the municipalities ; augmentation activities for every barangay nutrition plan will be created. Reports made by Education officer were submitted to the cardinal office. The consequences of the other offices were forwarded to the Regional Evaluation Team and served as footing for the continuity of the plan or for happening other schemes. All informations collected from the provincial office were accomplished in signifiers and submitted personally or through facsimile to the regional office and so to the national office. The consequences obtained from the rating will be used in planning, in redesigning and footing for public presentation assessment if aims were achieved or non. In planning, the consequences were presented and be the footing for what should be improved. The consequences were used as footing for seting up extra financess for the continuity of the bing plan ; otherwise, for happening other schemes in instance the plan failed.Table 3. Monitoring and rating systems in the provincial degreeNutrition PlansMonitoring ToolsINitrogenCalciferolICAThymineOxygenRoentgenSecondFrequency of MonitoringDate/Time of MEvaluation ToolsINitrogenCalciferolICAThymineOxygenRoentgenSecondFrequency of EvaluationDate/Timeof EGigahertzIThymineRoentgenBacillusNitrogenAPhosphorusMeterARoentgenMeterTocopherolLiterLiterPhosphorusIMomentQtANitrogenNitrogenSecondMeterICSecondMeterTocopherolLiterLiterPhosphorusIMeterARoentgenPieChartMomentQtAAuxiliary Eatinga?„a?„a?„a?„Wt of chidrena?„a?â €ža?„Randoma?„a?„a?„a?„Wt additiona?„a?„a?„Everyday Home/Community Food Productiona?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„March-May Nutrition Educationa?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„School Food Productiona?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„Monitoring and Evaluation Systems in the City LevelThe LNC in the metropolis degree defined monitoring as a uninterrupted map that uses the systematic aggregation of informations on specified indexs to supply direction and the chief stakeholders of an on-going development intercession with indicants of the extent of advancement and accomplishment of aims and advancement in the usage of allocated financess. Evaluation, on the other manus, is the systematic and nonsubjective appraisal of an ongoing or completed undertaking, plan or policy including its design, execution and consequences ; results of the plan are used as footing for giving recommendations. Table 4 shows the nutrition and nutrition-related plans being implemented. Auxiliary Feeding. Program for targeted malnourished kids peculiarly auxiliary eating was organized by Nutrition office. The plan was monitored and evaluated monthly utilizing growing chart and narrative study, severally. Home/Community Food Production. Home/community nutrient production was implemented by Nutrition and Agriculture offices. Monthly and ex-ante monitoring and rating was used for the plan utilizing MAR and an existent interview of donees, and based on the guidelines, severally. The version of organic agriculture was used as the index for monitoring and rating. Nutrition Education and School Food Production. Nutrition instruction and school nutrient production was assessed by Nutrition office. Using narrative studies, the plan was monitored and evaluated quarterly. Filipino Plan of Action for Nutrition ( PPAN ) . The PPAN was monitored and evaluated by the Department of Education utilizing MELLPI. It was assessed yearly and as the demand arises. The consequences of the rating were collected by the judges and submitted personally or through facsimile to NNC regional office so to NNC cardinal office. In planning, the consequences of the plans were used to measure if there will be continuity or non.Table 4. Monitoring and rating systems in the metropolis degreeNutrition PlansMonitoring ToolsINitrogenCalciferolICAThymineOxygenRoentgenSecondFrequency of MonitoringDate/Timeof MEvaluation ToolINitrogenCalciferolICAThymineOxygenRoentgenSecondFrequency of EvaluationDate/Time of EGramCMeterARoentgenINitrogenThymineTocopherolRoentgenVoltITocopherolTungstenNitrogenRoentgenMeterTocopherolLiterLiterPhosphorusIMeterOQtAEx-ANitrogenThymineTocopherolASecondNitrogenTocopherolTocopherolCalciferolTocopherolvitamin DNitrogenRoentgenGramUracilICalciferolTocopherolLiterINitrogenTocopherolSecondMeterTocopherolLiterLiterPhosphorusIMeterOQtAEx-ANitrogenThymineTocopherolAsneededAuxiliary Eatinga?„a?„a?„a?„a?„Home/Communit y Food Productiona?„a?„Adaptation of organic agriculturea?„a?„During the implemen-tationa?„a?„During the implemen-tation Nutrition Educationa?„a?„a?„a?„School Food Productiona?„a?„a?„a?„PPANa?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„Monitoring and Evaluation Systems in the Municipal LevelMonitoring is the regular checking of development or advancement of certain activity ; supplying information about the undertaking and measuring the advancement of plan or undertaking over clip. Furthermore, monitoring is supervising the undertaking, whether it was implemented harmonizing to guidelines and seeing to it that undertaking continues. As per DILG, the accelerator for excellence in local administration, they monitor the per centum of execution of plan and undertakings of different sections based on marks met and the quality of execution. Meanwhile, rating was defined as the procedure of finding the value or worth of a plan ; a more thorough appraisal or scrutiny of undertakings or plan at a specific point in clip looking into the impact of effectivit y of the undertaking. It is besides a plan activity designed to obtain nonsubjective information about the plan and to find the value of the undertaking whether successful or non. Evaluation for the DILG officers, they base the consequences of rating on the per centums and quality of execution of plans and undertakings. Table 5 presents the nutrition and nutrition-related plans being implemented in the municipal degree. ORS and ORS and Zinc Supplementation. ORS, and ORS and zinc supplementation was quarterly monitored and evaluated utilizing Field Health Service Information System ( FHSIS ) and narrative studies from the barangays. The plan was managed by the Municipal Health Office. Auxiliary Feeding. Supplementary eating was monitored and evaluated quarterly and yearly during December and January of the undermentioned twelvemonth utilizing growing chart and narrative study. Offices included in the execution were Nutrition, Interior and Local Government, Planning and Development and Social Welfare and Development offices. Decreased in the figure of malnourished kids was used as an index. Home/Community Food Production. Home/community nutrient production was assessed by Health, Agriculture and Interior and Local Government offices. The plan was monitored monthly ( from January to December ) utilizing ITR and narrative study and evaluated quarterly ( every crop ) utilizing narrative study and mark sheets. The standards intended for the plan were applied as an index. Nutrition Education. Nutrition instruction was monitored yearly and evaluated quarterly by Nutrition and DILG, using narrative study. Besides, school nutrient production was monitored and evaluated yearly by Nutrition office and DILG, doing usage of narrative study. The studies were in narrative signifier. Datas were collected from the barangay through the BNS and submitted to MNAO. Afterwards, submitted to the LCE and other officer concerned through electronic mail or facsimile. Datas were besides given to NGOs, church based establishments as requested. The consequences were used for budgeting intents and aiming of prioritize sector or barangay for the undertaking to turn to their demands.Table 5. Monitoring and rating systems in the municipal degreeNutrition PlansMonitoring ToolIndexsFrequency of MonitoringDate/Time of MIndexsFrequency of EvaluationDate/Time of EFHydrogenSecondISecondGramCIThymineRoentgenNitrogenRoentgenMomentQtANitrogenRoentgenSecondCOxygenRoentgenTocopherolSecondHydrogenTocopherolTocopherolThymineMomentQtAOregona?„a?„a?„a?„ORS and Zinc Supplementationa?„a?„a?„a?„Auxiliary Eatinga?„a?„Decreased in figure of malnourished kidsa?„a?„Dec and Jan of the underm entioned twelvemontha?„a?„Dec and Jan of the undermentioned twelvemonth Home/Community Food Productiona?„a?„a?„January to Decembera?„a?„Standardsa?„Every crop Nutrition Educationa?„a?„a?„a?„School Food Productiona?„a?„a?„a?„Monitoring and Evaluation Systems in Barangay 1 LevelMonitoring was defined as usage of growing monitoring such as weighing graduated table and height board ; a frequent trial, check-up and appraisal of patients. Evaluation, on the other manus, is look intoing if ends and aims were met or non ; detecting and measuring if the intercession made was effectual or non. Table 6 shows the nutrition and nutrition-related plans managed at the barangay 1. ORS and ORS and Zinc Supplementation. The distribution of ORS and ORS and zinc supplementation among patients with diarrhoeas were assessed by rural wellness accoucheuse. The instances of diarrhoea among kids were monitored upon audience to the wellness officer ; evaluated through the usage of logbook. Name callings of kids who obtained ORS and ORS and Zn addendums were written down in the logbook for rating intents. The plan has an impact if kids have improved their wellness position. However, deficiency of supplies gives the rural wellness accoucheuse a determination to urge the patients to see the nearby infirmary for farther check-up. Auxiliary Feeding. Headed by the BNS and supported by the rural wellness accoucheuse, auxiliary eating was monitored quarterly ( July, August and September ) and evaluated monthly ( July, August and September ) utilizing growing chart and monthly achievement study, severally. The increased weight of kids verified that the plan was successful. Nutrition Education. Nutrition instruction was monitored and evaluated by the BNS. A narrative study was used as a tool for quarterly monitoring and during the execution, the plan was evaluated. The results/data collected in the ORS and ORS and zinc supplementation were put in black and white paper. No farther ratings and suggestions were provided. On the other manus, the consequences of other nutrition plans were personally submitted to the City Nutrition Action Office through narrative studies. If plans reached the mark objectives with proper allotment of financess, they will be continued or else better the planning of plans.Table 6. Monitoring and rating systems in barangay 1 degreeNutrition PlansMonitoring ToolIndexsFrequency of MonitoringDate/Time ofMeterEvaluation ToolIndexsFrequency of EvaluationDate/Time ofTocopherolCOxygenNitrogenSecondUracilLiterThymineAThymineIOxygenNitrogenGramCNitrogenRoentgenMomentQtAN/ALiterOxygenGramBacillusOxygenOxygenKMeterARoentgenNitrogenRoentgenMomentQtAN/AOregona?„Improved wellness positiona?„Upon Check-upa?„Improved wellness positiona?„Upon Consultation ORS and Zinc Supplementationa?„Improved wellness positiona?„Upon Check-upa?„Improved wellness positiona?„Upon Consultation Auxiliary Eatinga?„Increased wta?„July, August and Septembera?„Increased wta?„July, August and September Nutrition Educationa?„Improved cognitiona?„During tne executiona?„Improved cognitiona?„During the executionMonitoring and Evaluation Systems in Barangay 2 LevelAs defined by LNC in the barangay 2 degree, monitoring is the look intoing the demands of a plan. It was besides defined as deliberation of kids either under or overnourished and numbering the entire figure of mark donees. Evaluation is the look intoing if plans are decently implemented, with proper budget allotment and checking if the plan has improved or non. Table 7 shows the nutrition and nutrition-related plans assessed in the barangay 2 degree. ORS and ORS Zinc Supplementation. The behavior of ORS and ORS zinc supplementation was monitored and evaluated by the municipal wellness nurse. The diarrhoea instances were determined and monitored quarterly upon audience in the centre and the consequences from FHSIS. The plans were evaluated quarterly in a narrative study for rating. Auxiliary Feeding. The BNS, assisted by the Kagawad on Health, conduct the execution of auxiliary eating among malnourished kids. The plan was monitored monthly ( July, August and September ) utilizing growing chart and evaluated monthly in a narrative study and through family visits. The indexs that the plan has achieved its aims were improved weight, weight-for-height and weight-for-age. Home/Community Food Production. The home/community nutrient production plan was managed by the BNS, Kagawad on Health and Kagawad on Agriculture. The plan was monitored and evaluated hebdomadal utilizing narrative study and by family visits. The figure of produced harvests suggested the impact of the plan. Nutrition Education. Nutrition instruction was spearheaded by the BNS. The attending of the donees was used as the monitoring tool of the plan ; carried out every 3rd hebdomad of the month. The plan was evaluated every 3rd hebdomad of the month, completed through a narrative study. An improved weight indicates the achievement of the plan. School Food Production. The school nutrient production plan was initiated by the BNS. The plan was monitored hebdomadally in a narrative study and by agencies of family visits. The plan was evaluated hebdomadally in a narrative study. The index determined was the figure of harvests produced. The consequences of the ORS and ORS and zinc supplementation plan were personally submitted to the provincial office. Sometimes, these were faxed for easier transportation of informations. The consequences of other nutrition plans were documented by the Councilors and maintain for farther mentions. However, the BNS personally submitted the consequences to the municipal nutrition action office with the needed signifiers. The rating of the plan determined if it should be retained, otherwise change the plan.Table 7. Monitoring and rating systems in barangay 2 degreeNutrition PlansMonitoring ToolIndexsFrequency of MonitoringDate/Time ofMeterEvaluation ToolIndexsFrequency of EvaluationDate/Time ofTocopherolCOxygenNitrogenSecondUracilLiterThymineAThymineIOxygenNitrogenGramCNitrogenRoentgenHHVoltISecondIThymineAThymineThymineTocopherolNitrogenCalciferolANitrogenCTocopherolFHSISMomentQtAWklyNitrogenRoentgenHHVoltISecondIThymineMomentQtAWklyOregona?„a?„a?„Upon Consultationa? „a?„Upon Consultation ORS and Zinc Supplementationa?„a?„Upon Consultationa?„a?„Upon Consultation Auxiliary Eatinga?„Improved wt ; wt-for-ht ; wt-for-agea?„July, Aug, Septa?„a?„Improved wta?„July, Aug, Sept Home/Community Food Productiona?„a?„Number of harvests produceda?„Weeklya?„a?„Number of harvestsa?„Weekly Nutrition Educationa?„Improved wta?„3rd hebdomada?„Improved wta?„3rd hebdomad School Food Productiona?„a?„Number of harvests produceda?„Weeklya?„Number of harvestsa?„WeeklyKnowledge of Local Nutrition Committees in RBMEThis subdivision is an appraisal of the respondents ‘ cognition in results-based M and E. This subdivision determines the figure of LNC members who were cognizant of the basic information about the results-based direction attack ( Table 8 ) . A series of statements were provided to determine the basic constructs they acquainted ( Table 9 ) . From the entire respondents, a 3rd ( 33.3 % ) of respondents from both the provincial and municipal degrees and about 17 per centum from barangay 2 had acquired primary cognition about the results-based M and E.Table 8. Frequency of LNC with cognition in results-based M and EDegreeFrequencyPercentageProvincial2 33.3City0 0Municipal2 33.3Barangay 10 0Barangay 21 16.67 From the entire figure of respondents which had comprehension on results-based direction attack, all ( 100 % ) were familiar with the constructs such as: 1 ) combination of results and impacts appraisal, 2 ) a helpful attack to supervise and measure undertaking, plan and policy at all degrees, 3 ) can be performed at local, regional, and national degrees of authorities, 4 ) a beginning of cognition capital, 5 ) an aid in advancing greater transparence and answerability of stakeholders, 6 ) usage of indexs to place the results of undertakings, 7 ) informations aggregation on end products contributes towards attainment of results, 8 ) demands the stakeholders to plan and keep an organisational construction focused on consequences, 9 ) provides a qualitative and quantitative informations of results, 10 ) completed with strategic spouses, and ) records information of both success and failure.Table 9. Number of LNC with cognition in results-based monitoring and rating at different degrees StatementsProvincialMunicipalityBarangay 2FrequencyResults-based monitoring and rating combines with appraisal of results and impacts and allows organisation to modify and alter execution procedures. 2/2 2/2 1/1 Results-based monitoring and rating systems have been successfully designed and used to supervise and measure at all degrees – undertaking, plan, and policy. 2/2 2/2 1/1 Results-based monitoring and rating can be conducted at local, regional, and national degrees of authorities. 2/2 2/2 1/1 Results-based monitoring and rating systems are a beginning of cognition capital that enable authoritiess and organisations to develop a cognition base of the types of undertakings, plans, and policies that are successful, and more by and large, what works, what does non, and why. 2/2 2/2 1/1 Results-based monitoring and rating systems can help in advancing greater transparence and answerability within organisations and authoritiess. 2/2 2/2 1/1 Indexs for results-based monitoring and rating are used to find the results of undertakings. 2/2 2/2 1/1 The informations aggregation on end products ( e.g. increased entree to ORS and zinc supplementation ) contributes toward accomplishment of results ( e.g. improved used of ORS and zinc supplementation ) . 2/2 2/2 1/1 Results-based monitoring and rating requires the organisation to make and prolong an organisational construction focused on consequences. 2/2 2/2 1/1 A systematic coverage with more qualitative and quantitative information on the betterment toward results. 2/2 2/2 1/1 Results-based monitoring and rating is done in partnership with strategic spouses. 2/2 2/2 1/1 Results-based monitoring and rating records information of both success and failure schemes in accomplishing desired results ( consequences ) . 2/2 2/2 1/1Strengths and Restrictions of M and E Practices of LNCThis subdivision assesses the preparedness of LNC in the execution of results-based direction attack. The strengths and restrictions of M and E patterns of LNC influence their capacity to plan and implement a results-based direction. Readiness appraisal was categorized harmonizing to organisational system, human resources, fiscal resources, and engineering and technology-related installations. Statements refering to each class were composed to find the bureaus ‘ capacity to implement a new M and E system. The subdivision besides deals with the relevant inputs/resources and activities identified by the LNC, which are of import in the development and execution of results-based M and E system in Laguna. Table 10 shows the acceptableness of LNC members if results-based direction will be designed and executed in their country. In the metropolis degree, 50 per centum acknowledged RBM ; more than 65 per centum in the municipal degree and about 85 per centum in barangay 2 degree. However, less than 50 per centum recognized RBM in barangay 1 degree. The overall credence of results-based direction attack in the state of Laguna was about 70 per centum.Table 10. Perceived Acceptability of RBMEDegreeFrequencyPercentageProvincial5 71.43*City3 50Municipal4 66.67Barangay 13 42.86Barangay 25 83.33 * Weight instance = 1.167 ; to generalise the state of Laguna Harmonizing to LNC members, the execution of a results-based direction in Laguna demands appropriate inputs and resources including 1 ) fiscal resources, 2 ) office supply signifiers and equipment for anthropometric measurings, 3 ) proficient aid, and 4 ) human resources.Fiscal ResourcesSufficient fiscal resources are of import to accomplish the end of planing and implementing results-based M and E system ; and to guarantee a go oning support of the intended consequences. By and large, the organisation is responsible in geting new resources from stakeholders to continue an bing degree of fiscal support. Leaderships are apt for fiscal resources allocated to their offices. It is a responsibility for them to make effectual systems that will ease staff to maintain path of those resources ( Bruneau, 1994 ) .Technical Aidâ€Å" Technical aid strengthens the authorities ‘s ownership of reforms, particularly by heightening administration capablenesss † ( IMF, 2012 ) . Technical aid provides elaborate actions in the direction of plans. Results-based direction techniques must be adjunct by governmental regulations and processs to hold an influence on plan effectivity and better allow planning within bureaus ( Ortiz, et.al, 2004 ) .Human ResourcesHuman resource professionals have a cardinal function to play to assist organisation accomplish its aims ; influences many of the cardinal systems and concern procedures underpinning effectual bringing ; provide tools and models for the executing of the plan. Keepers of the fire when it comes to corporate civilization, squad edifice and alteration direction processes ( Strandberg, 2009 ) .Supply and EquipmentThis includes the office supply signifiers and equipment for anthropometric measurings. A well-managed stuff resource produces a better service, without blowing other resources like clip and money. Consequently, touchable stuffs should be really stored and distributed ( BMS, 2012 ) . The LNC marked out elaborate activities needed in the execution of results-based direction attack. Here are the undermentioned actions that must be addressed: 1 ) protagonism, 2 ) courtesy call, 3 ) orientation and preparation, 4 ) meeting with implementers and 5 ) information, instruction and communicating stuffs.AdvocacyA strong protagonism promotes success of nutrition plans. It aids to edify stakeholders about what works at the community ; keeps the force per unit area on for sustained plan support and support ( Kurosky, 2007 ) .Courtesy Call, Orientation and TrainingOrientation introduces the attack to the organisation and imparts with an overview of how it functions. The activity accustoms the organisation to go more productive and effectual. Orientation and preparation are relevant activities to reenforce the capacities of the organisation to be familiar and have a common apprehension on the nucleus rules and constructs of results-based direction ; and how the method can be em ployed in ( rhenium ) scheduling, monitoring and coverage. Orientation and preparations with theoretical presentations and exercisings will let interpreting theory into pattern when scheduling, monitoring and coverage ; therefore, can be tailored to the specific demands of the organisation ( UNDP, 2002 ) .Meeting with ImplementersThis assembly of persons is performed to leave new information and talk about pertinent issues and programs/projects. Meetings with implementers play a important function in the preparation of strategic alterations within organisations ( Jarzabkowski, 2002 ) .Information, Education and Communication ( IEC )IEC serves as vehicles for the community to better their engagement and the stakeholders to better understand their functions in the execution of a results-based direction. Information is a trade good to be protected and employed strategically ; a tool for answerability, transparence and ownership. Communication is how information obtains certain activiti es. When the attack is being implemented, the authorities must be likely to analyze the IEC constituent as chiefly a public dealingss enterprise. ( Chibwana and Mohan, 2001 ) .

7 Things You Should Be Doing For Every Image On Your WordPress Site

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Interaction between Police, Prosecutors, and the Courts Research Paper

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Cris Isaak - Essay Example After three albums that didn't sell, his career was going nowhere fast. Then a movie gave new life to his single, "Wicked Game," and suddenly he was on his way to the big time. Welcome to the club. Bruce Springsteen was calling for tickets. So was Madonna. And Sean Penn. And Sylvester Stallone. And Laura Dern. And Rickie Lee Jones. And Mickey Rourke. And some of the cast from Twin Peaks. They all wanted to see one of the most compelling rock & roll acts to hit the Top Ten in years: Chris Isaak. ``Bruce called about tickets?'' says Isaak, every inch the Fifties-style rocker in his tight black jeans, pointed shoes, white T-shirt and brown leather motorcycle jacket, as he looks up from his plate of noodles at a cheap Thai restaurant on Sunset Boulevard. In a few hours he will headline a sold-out show at the Wiltern Theater, in Hollywood. Adopting the voice of a rube, Isaak, who grew up in Stockton, California, drawls: ``They gonna give 'em free tickets? They git in for free?'' He's grinning now. ``Come on, Bruce,'' he says. ``You sittin' on a big ol' pile uh loot. Git up off it!'' ... Fingering a wooden tiki head that hangs around his neck for good luck, he says: Five years from now, it could be like Oh, man, him Plays a guitar. Everybody else has got keyboards, he's still got guitars.' Or in ten years: Oh, those guys still actually try to sing. It's boring. They sing.' You never know.'' Isaak adjusts a pair of wraparound shades that look like something Jean-Paul Belmondo wore in the Jean-Luc Godard classic Breathless. As if he were quoting from some official music-business rule book, he says, Usually, right after you make it, you can count about seven years until people go, How totally square.' '' The ship has sailed,'' one Warner Bros. executive told Isaak's manager-producer, Erik Jacobsen, in the summer of 1989. The ship has already sailed.'' The meaning of those words couldn't have been clearer. Heart Shaped World, Isaak's third album, was dead; the company had no interest in spending another dime promoting it. Jacobsen contends there was never much enthusiasm at Warners for Heart Shaped World. Executives from the company had flown up to San Francisco to hear it that spring. Not a favorable word was spoken,'' he says about the awkward playback session. It was just the most deadly reaction that I have ever seen to anything in my life. As for getting it on the radio, all they said was Tough, very tough, extremely tough.' '' For Isaak, those were dark days. Although he was loved by the media when his debut album, Silvertone, was released in 1985, his songs didn't get on the radio and his videos never made it onto MTV in any kind of meaningful rotation. No less an authority on authentic American rock & roll than John Fogerty described Isaak as being like a skyscraper against the

Research Methods and Design Assignment 2 - literature Review Paper

Methods and Design Assignment 2 - literature Review - Research Paper Example Brynt & Idey (2001) mentioned that they display more fantasy proneness and greater absorption (as cited in Wilson & Barber, 1981; Barber & Glass, 1962). They also experience greater imaginary involvement (as cited in Hilgard, 1979) and a strong attention focus (as cited in Kumar, Pekala & Cummings, 1996). For measuring individual differences, Braffman & Kirsch (2001), discovered two detriments i.e. â€Å"simple and go/no go reaction times†. Hypnotisability was positively related with simple reaction time and negatively with go/no go reaction time, when non hypnotic suggestibility was statistically controlled. Specific, noteworthy characteristics make some individuals more susceptible to hypnosis than others. For many years, hypnotisability scales are in practise, in both clinical and research settings. A set of standardized suggestions are used to check individuals’ responses, following standardized induction, to know the measure of hypnotic ability they possess. As hypnotisability is a stable construct, identifying its predictors would help to comprehend the individual differences observed in suggestibility (Paulson & Matthews, 2003, p.198). Barber, Spanos and Chaves (1974) proposed that individual differences in ability to respond to hypnosis could be described with the aid of imagination and absorption constructs (Paulson & Matthews, 2003, p.198-199). Absorption is termed as an individual’s characteristic, which encompasses openness, to experience changes in cognitive and emotional, state over a range of circumstances (Milling, Kirsch & Burgess, 2000, p.32). It is the capacity for self altering attention that is considered to be a significant component of hypnotisability (Green & Lynn, 2008, p.156). Highly susceptible individuals, on measures of absorption, are believed to get involved in a variety of imaginative practices (Milling, Kirsh & Burgess, 2000, p.32). Another

What would be political theorist Niccolo Machiavelli's position about Term Paper

What would be political theorist Niccolo Machiavelli's position about the Second Amendment in the contemporary United States - Term Paper Example He was one of the officials in the Florence Republican and was given a post to deal with military and diplomatic affairs. He was one of the most influential philosophers of the western politics. All other political theorist who came after him referred to him directly of indirectly in his or her work. His writings, like The Prince and The Discourses of the First Ten books of Titus Livius, are well remembered by many authors and politicians who came after him (Soll, 34). Through his creativity in politics, therefore it was possible to predict what he would have said on the second amendment on the United States’ constitution. This amendment was adopted in 1791 together with bill of rights. This amendment was to protect the United States citizens with the right of keeping and bearing firearms. However, Noccolo Machiavelli would have different opinions on this right to keep and bear arms. Machiavelli would support it and on the other hand, he would deny the rights giving different reasons. The second amendment grants the United States citizens to keep and bear firearms (Spitzer, 23). This right was given due to many reasons. Possession of the firearms was important in the following ways, it helps to repel dangerous invasions, grants one the right of personal defense, and it enables people in organizing militias. Machiavelli would have supported this amendment because in his writing, he said that before anything else, each person must be armed. He advised that military service should a responsibility to every citizen. Therefore, every citizen should have a possession of some firearms to ensure that the society is secured from any invasion. He supported possession of arms giving reasons that good men do not make war the only profession neither can a good government can allow its citizens to make war the only profession (Soll, 37). He advised that each government should practice the art on war during the time of peace but war should occur when it is necessary to acquire glory. He believed that every citizen is considered a good man when he uses those arms in a correct way that is meant for. In addition, a government is considered well government when it uses its military to serve that society in a wrong way. Therefore, he would support the second amendment of the constitution. Furthermore, Machiavelli would support the second amendment of the United States’ constitution, which grants citizens the right of possessing firearms by claiming that this right would show that the government thrusts its citizens. Failure to grant the citizens this right, it will show that the government lacks faith to the citizens. This would make the citizens hate the government. However, the citizens should not be disarmed to ensure that the relationship between them and the government is kept in touch. This shows that Machiavelli would support the second amendment of United States constitution. There are some reasons that would make Machiavelli oppose the second amendment of the United States constitution. As the constitution would give rights to the citizens to keep and bear firearms, Machiavelli will oppose it just in case the citizens will use the firearms in a wrong way. He would oppose it is saying that only good citizens would use the firearms during the necessary times to prevent invasion from other people. Those who will not follow this should be dealt accordingly. He said that not all people do good things all the time. This is because their minds change like tides and at times, they can cause arm without realizing what they are doing. Therefore, keeping and bearing of firearms should be abolished since it will cause a lot of harm if the citizens use them in a bad way. He would argue this idea that not everyone

Glondys Rodriguez Naturalistic Observation Essay Example for Free

Glondys Rodriguez Naturalistic Observation Essay My observation took place in a park where a birthday party was celebrating. I looked at a girl of 6 years old or so. The girl was wearing a pink blouse and white pants. I think she was Hispanic. She was about 40 inch tall and weighed around 30 pounds. I could hear when her mom called her Diana. Physical Development For her age, she had a perfect physical development because I could see how she ran with other girls of the same age. She was jumping the string, and playing hides and seeks, so I could tell that the girl was healthy and had good physical development. Cognitive development (Piaget’s stages) According to Piaget’s stages Diana is in preoperational stage because for example, she played with her friends building a sturdy house of plants’ leaves acting as if it was a princess castle. Also she used branches of the trees as if they were magic wands, so I realized that Diana is in the section of mental representation (Make-believe-play). Another example that I realized was that Diana’s mother offered a juice, and gave her a choice of a bottle or a glass and she chose the bottle allowed more amount than the glass. Emotional and Social Development (Erikson’s stage) According to Erikson’s stages, Diana is in industry versus inferiority because I noticed that she was all the time in cooperation with the other kids. She developed a sense of competence at useful skills and tasks. To support what I say I have an example. She was dancing all the time with the music she liked. She danced with amazing movements. I noticed she had natural skills and ability to dance. The girls competed to see who danced better. That moment was incredible because I enjoyed what was happening, and I realized the competitiveness that exists between girls and boys at this age. To conclude, I can say Diana has a good self-esteem. I don’t think she felt inferiority at any moment. On the other hand, she looked very safe in all the tasks she developed. Does the child meet the milestones and stages for the physical, cognitive, and social/emotional development? Yes, I think this 6 years old girl meets all the milestones and stages for the physical, cognitive, and social/ emotional development. Is there anything unusual or â€Å"off-development† for this child (deficits as well as giftedness)? There was nothing off-development or unusual for this girl, on the contrary, I think she is very intelligent and talented. My thoughts about observation: I think my observation helped me a lot to understand the normal development in middle childhood and to know we should interact, guide, and support them to achieve the best of their abilities. My opinion about what I observed and the application of the theories of development: In my opinion, Piaget’s cognitive development theories and Erikson’s psychological theories are an excellent guide to help us understand the stages in normal growth and development.

Ken Kesey’s One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest Essay Example for Free

Ken Kesey’s One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest Essay I. Introduction The book One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s nest is the result of Ken Kesey’s own experience during his work in mental institution in late 1950s. This book reflects the themes of individuality and rebellion of that time that include protest against conformity. It is the story of one small rebellion that was successful through a big sacrifice. The book is largely symbolic and many characters and things in it are allegoric. II. Body Rebellion is the major theme in the book. It is shown as a confrontation between protagonist Randle McMurphy and antagonist Nurse Ratched. Before McMurphy entered the ward, it was the small structured society of mentally ill patients ruled by powerful Nurse Ratched who weakens them by psychological manipulation. There is no chance that anybody would defy her. After the arrival of McMurphy the situation changed dramatically because this patient is sane and has a strong personality. The figure of McMurphy is symbolic in the way how he sacrificed himself to let the patients realize who they are and regain their spirits. The narrator of the story, Chief Bromden, realizes that he is not weak and breaks free from the ward. McMurphy is compared to Christ in many ways: he is sacrificed, crucified on the table with electroshock; he gathers disciples around him and arranges the fishing trip as Christ who led his twelve disciples to the sea to test their faith. III. Conclusion The book has made a big impression on me in the way how individuality is confronted with the submission and conformism. It teaches rebellion against humiliation of human nature. However, I dislike the author’s view of women as the castrators of men in this book. Nurse Ratched is portrayed as a horrible creature who has no feminine features about her. I liked the figure of prostitute Candy, although she is shown only as the means to relieve Billy Bibbit. Having many symbols and allegories, this book makes us think and not only entertain ourselves.

Neuropsychopharmacology Concepts: Overview and Analysis

Neuropsychopharmacology Concepts: Overview and Analysis Cole Garcia Introduction This research paper was written explore and demonstrate my personal interests in my field of study, neuropsychopharmacology. The research papers discussed were selected to provide a diverse range of topics within the field, and to convey findings that I’ve deemed to be particularly unique or useful in real-life application. Neuropsychopharmacology: a Brief, Multidimensional View Although frequently demonstrated to be neurotoxic in humans, amphetamines have been therapeutically prescribed and abused recreationally since their discovery over a century ago. One form of amphetamine, infamous for its high rates of addiction and toxicity in users, is methamphetamine (METH). The researchers of this study posed the question of whether the traditional animal models demonstrating that METH use decreases caudate-putamen dopamine levels (DA) can be applied to human patterns of abuse and resulting neurotoxicity. Substantial research has indicated that tolerance to METH reduces many of the toxic effects associated with binge use of the drug. To demonstrate this, the researchers aimed to find if the neural death in rats associated with an acute METH binge following an escalation-dose (ED) pretreatment would be less severe than the damages stereotypically observed after high dose â€Å"binge† exposure without prior ED treatment. The researchers hypothesized that curr ent research overstates the neurotoxicity associated with METH abuse, since animal model studies fail to account for the ED pattern typically observed before binge-use in most human users of METH. To test their hypothesis, the researchers selected groups of healthy male rats for experimentation. The living conditions of the rats were kept stable and relatively natural. Following a normalization period of at least a week, the rats were administered three separate, increasing doses of d-METH each day for two weeks. The period began with a dosage of 0.1mg/kg and finished with a dosage of 4.0mg/kg, a dose considered extraordinarily high for human users. Following the last day of ED pretreatment, the rats were administered a â€Å"binge† regimen, consistent with those traditionally used in similar studies, of four injections of 6mg/kg at two hour intervals. Throughout the experiment, a variety of data regarding behavioral responses to the drug, physiological responses like hyperthermia, and other immediately observable variables were gathered. Three days after the last METH administration, the rats were killed and their brains were analyzed to measure DA content and the leve ls of DAT transporter binding that is typically reduced as a result of METH binge use. Analysis of the data showed that the acute METH binge administration produced lower than average neurotoxicity in rats that were subject to ED pretreatment. All but one of the post-mortem neural tissue measurements displayed a reduction in damages in the pretreated rats while non-pretreated rats displayed normal levels of neural death following the acute binge. In vitro data showed similar results; rats administered the binge regiment without pretreatment displayed stereotypic movement associated with acute an METH binge. Most significantly, the data showed that the reduction in DA levels typically resulting from METH binge administration was considerably less severe in the rats that underwent ED pretreatment. All p values for this data were less than 0.01 or 0.001. The researchers concluded that a significant portion of the neurotoxic effects of METH binge use observed in rats can be attenuated by a prior escalation dose regimen. Since past studies on METH’s neurotoxicity fail to examine the drug’s neurotoxicity in subjects that followed â€Å"regular† human patterns prior to administration of toxic doses, the researchers argued that future research on stimulant abuse should follow an escalation dose pretreatment in order to produce data that is actually applicable to the majority of human subjects. For psychopharmacology researchers concerned with reducing drug related harm, this is extremely important information and future studies should explore further by finding a rodent ED pretreatment that is most comparable to actual human behavior patterns. The effects of hallucinogenic drugs like psilocybin and LSD have been documented to profoundly alter visual perceptions of the world. For thousands of years, psilocybin and similar substance have been used for spiritual and religious rituals in many different cultures. Until recently, the neurological causes for the visual distortions have been largely unknown. Past research has found that the serotonin receptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, 5-HT2C, are likely highly involved in visual processing as well as hallucinations associated with Schizophrenia and Parkinson’s disease. Past animal studies indicate that activation of the 5-HT2A receptors increases the excitability of the visual cortex. This research paper, published by the Journal of Neuroscience, investigates the possibility that the activation of 5-HT2A receptors through psilocybin causes modulation of parietal-occipital ÃŽ ± oscillations, resulting this noted increase in excitability of visual processors. The researchers further hypothesized that the hallucinations could be caused by the 5-HT2A receptor modulation of the visual cortex’s visual recognition â€Å"potentials.† Specifically, the researchers questioned whether or not the P1 and N170 (visual recognition and mid-level processing potentials) are modulated by psilocybin’s activations of the 5-HT2A receptors. The researchers attempted to answer these questions by administering across multiple doses a combination of psilocybin, a placebo, and ketanserin (a 5-HT2A antagonist to cancel the effects of psilocybin in certain trials) to seventeen healthy individuals on four different experimental days. After administration of each drug(s), visual stimulus and response tests were carried out with continuous EEG monitoring during each trial. ÃŽ ± waves were measured for a short duration before and after the administration of the visual stimulus, and the resulting strengths were compared. Six hours after the administration of the drugs, the subjects were required to fill out a standardized questionnaire addressing their subjective visual alterations and changes in perception as a result of the drugs administered on that day. A variety of corrections and comparisons were performed on the data to analyze it with respect to the hypotheses, and results were constructed from the implicated correlations. The first finding was that all subjects administered psilocybin subjectively experienced hallucinogenic effects or visual distortions. It was also found that the all subjects administered the placebo or ketanserin reported no hallucinations or visual distortions. P and r values for these data suggested very strong replicability and correlation. From the ÃŽ ± oscillation data, the researchers found that, under normal conditions, the ÃŽ ± oscillations were stronger during the prestimulus phase than the poststimulus phase. From the psilocybin administered subject trials, the researchers found that the ÃŽ ± oscillations were weaker than usual in the prestimulus phase and the subsequent reduction of strength was not observed in the poststimulus phase. In the placebo and ketanserin tests, no attenuation of ÃŽ ± oscillations were observed. Similarly, in trials where ketanserin was administered 1 hour following psilocybin administration, the decrease in ÃŽ ± oscillations was not observed, in dicating that the 5-HT activation following psilocybin administration is likely a cause for the observed ÃŽ ± oscillation modulation. Since ÃŽ ± oscillations have been shown to be involved in the brain’s construction of vision, the researchers concluded that the hallucinogenic effects of psilocybin are, at least partially, caused by modulation of ÃŽ ± oscillations by activation of 5-HT2A. Along with the modulation of ÃŽ ± oscillations through psilocybin’s activation of 5-HT2A, the researchers also monitored modulation of the P1 and N170 potentials. Activation of 5-HT2A was found to decrease the P1 potentials while increasing the N170 potentials during stimulus. Differences between the psilocybin and non-psilocybin trials showed trends and replicability similar to the observed ÃŽ ± oscillation data. Since these potentials have been shown to be important neurological processes associated with the brain’s recognition and construction of visual input, the researchers concluded that modulation of these important visual potentials is likely somewhat responsible for the perceived changes in visual perception. These data are among the first to show a potential neurological mechanism of action for the changes in visual perception caused by psilocybin, and future research could seek to understand how the modulation of these systems directly relates to specific vis ual changes. Alcoholism is an affliction facing millions of people worldwide and its consequences stretch far beyond the individual. Despite the mounting medical and social costs of alcohol addiction, little progress has been made towards developing effective medication as treatment. Ibogaine, a hallucinogen found in a plant native to Africa, has been anecdotally observed to reverse or undue addiction to many drugs of abuse, including alcohol. Due to its safety profile and nature of the drug’s effects, ibogaine has not yet been considered a potential medication. In this study, the researchers posed the question of whether ibogaine reduces behaviors of addiction; and, if so, how and where it produces these effects in the brain. Digging deeper, the researchers aimed to refute or confirm evidence indicating that ibogaine causes neurotoxicity at doses associated with the addiction reducing action of the drug. To answer these questions, the researchers used both behavior studies and in vivo `brain analysis. The behavior studies, testing the anti-addiction potential of ibogaine, were carried out by habituating rats to ethanol (self-administered or systematically) and then recording preferences following treatment with ibogaine. One study allowed the rats continuous access to both water and ethanol for a period of two months before administration of alcohol. In another study, rats were placed in a cage with two levers, one delivering water and the other delivering ethanol. After a period of three days without the water lever being active, ibogaine was administered and the responses were recorded. A variety of similar experiments were carried out, each of them aiming to eliminate one area of uncertainty regarding the nonspecific activities of the drug. To test for the mechanisms involved in ibogaines addiction reversal, the researchers carried out a series of ibogaine microinjections into the brains of ethanol self-administering rats. In order to clarify which area of the brain is mediates ibogaines effects, each injection was localized at a different brain structure associated with addiction and the resulting behaviors were observed. In vivo, the researchers further isolated ibogaines mechanism of action by examining the drug’s effects on cells in the rodent’s midbrain. To test for neurotoxicity, the brains of non-ibogaine treated mice were analyzed against the brains of ibogaine treated mice. After analyzing the data, the researchers found that all trials indicated attenuation of alcoholism in rats treated with ibogaine. With continuous access to alcohol before and after treatment, ibogaine treated subjects showed a reduction in preference for alcohol (when given a choice) as well as a reduction of intake when no choice was offered. Further clarifying the findings, the data showed that rats treated with ibogaine showed very little change in preference for water or sucrose control solutions. P values for these data was less than 0.02 consistently. The findings confirm that ibogaine, when administered to alcohol preferring animals, reduces the animals consumption of alcohol. Among the secondary findings, the researchers also determined the specific area mediating ibogaine’s action to be the ventral tegmental area (VTA). In trials where ibogaine micoinjections were performed in the VTA, rats decreased their consumption of alcohol considerably. In trials where the same microinjections were made in neighboring substantia nigra, no reduction in alcohol was observed. Another important result was the lack of cell death observed in mice treated with the same therapeutic doses administered to the rat subjects. This was found by observing comparing brain sections of mice exposed to known neurotoxins, ibogaine, or nothing. Similarly, no coordination impairment or bodily harm was found to occur after ibogaine administration at therapeutic doses. The researchers also found that the expression of the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is directly affected by the drug ibogaine. This leads to what is probably the most important discovery of the data: when GDNF neutralizing antibodies are injected into the VTA of ibogaine administered alcoholic rats, the reduction of alcohol intake was negated. These findings confirm previous studies that show GDNF negate some of the effects of psychoactive drugs. The results of the experiment indicate that ibogaine is not only a potential treatment for alcoholism and addiction, but that this effect is likely carried out through increase in GDNF expression after administration of ibogaine. In the research field seeking to find treatment for drug abuse, these results are potentially revolutionary. To develop an effective treatment, future studies could seek to develop a molecule that induces the upregulation of the GDNF pathway. Alternatively, further research could be done on ibogaine in order to develop a treatment that excludes the hallucinogenic effects of the drug. Mertons theory of Anomie: Girl gangs Mertons theory of Anomie: Girl gangs Topic: Read the report A study on girls in gangs by Hong Kong Federation of Youth and evaluate the possible explanations offered by Merton’s strains towards anomie theory. After reading the report A Study on Girls in Gang by Hong Kong Federation of Youth , to a large extent I disagree to Merton’s strain towards anomie theory. Lets begin with the definition of Girls in Gang. Firstly, Girls in Gang means those girls are not contribute in any triad or serious criminal cases like murder, but they mainly committed in physical violence, stealing from shop or strangers, dishonesty to use their phone or bullying some people that they do it for fun. Secondly, they aged from 10 to 17 years old. Thirdly, gang members are or above 3 people.(Chu Yiu Kong, An Analysis of Youth Gangs in Tin Shui Wai in Hong Kong) Moreover, there are 5 types of structure in gangs. They are autonomous which is girl-dominant, auxiliary which is also girl-dominant but also rely on boy gangs, mixed which included girls and boys, independent group which is not control by anyone, satellite group which is girl-dominant, rely on boy gangs but independent. But what we know is, auxiliary and satellite are the main structures which were more common in Hong Kong society, and the decision-making are mainly from the boys. According to the theory of Structural Functionalism, the society is co-related. The social relationship extending over time and form stable patterns of interaction, then these structures in turn constituted social institutions when times gone. Therefore the social problem happens when function of an institution is not being performed properly, results from the malfunctioning. Also, from Mertons theory, deviant behavior and social disorganization were separate and distinct; tended to see each as causing the other. (Merton, 1938) In the case of Girls in Gangs, there is malfunction in the social relationship of their family, which cannot achieve prerequisite of socialization in order to inherit values, social norms, customs or ideologies by the society. That means their relationship cannot engage those girls in such a way that we find appropriate and acceptable. At the same time, their family cannot give out as the role of the family does such as give them love and belonging, financial support. Thus, girls may easily accept the deviant behaviors such as join gang to satisfy their needs. Refer to Mertons theory of strains towards anomie society, separate deviance into cultural structure and social structure. First, anomie means the low level of moral regulation which regard as normlessness, on the one hand, it is about when we are free to act and not constrained by social norms. Second, cultural structures means a hierarchy of shared values that govern our behaviors and provide us with cultural goal like achievement on education or career, material comfort of wealth. On the other hand, social structure means institutional norms which define and regulate the acceptable mode of reaching these goals.'(Merton, 1938) In other words, is to provide legitimate means by which members can pursue their goals. From his theory, there are five types of adaptations to achieve either cultural goals or social means. To a large extent, I agree to the conformity adaptations, but small extent agree to the ritualism adaptations, the innovation adaptation, the rebellion adaptations and th e retreatism adaptation did applicable to the case of girls join gangs in Hong Kong. The reasons are as of the following. The report of A study on Girls in Gangs have shown that the several reasons of the girls join gangs because of emotional attachment and protection. As most of the interviewees responded that they were lack of affiliation, which they do not have a good or even lack of relationship with their family, school or working place. In order to fulfill their mental needs or emotional attachment, they joined gangs to achieve the conformity with other people in order to lower the loneliness. Besides, girls in gangs will be named as ah-so, English means either sister-in-law or girlfriend, or ka -mui, in English means little sister, both names did not have a direct relationship, but somehow they can get protection from the gangs because of what their fake relationship is simply as same as the real family. This structure represents that the girl participating in gangs is trying to achieve their cultural goal and they do have social means which is join gangs . Thus, the girls participate in gangs d oes regard as an conformity adaptations since they have their cultural goals and social means. According to the report, A study on Girls in Gangs, the two interviewees told that they were pleasant and happy because of they can enjoy free entertainment when they join gangs. (18 years old, student) They will go to sing karaoke, dancing or go to mainland sometimes, depend on where the gangs go, and the girls in gangs do not need to pay any money, which for boys to show their gentleness and power. (16 years old, employee). From the research, it presents the girls do have cultural goal which is free entertainment regard as use the social means, but they use the same means which do not have any new goals or new means. In addition, the society was also assume the goal as materialism or material comfort, when they did not achieve their goals in legitimacy means, so they will reject the mean. Therefore, the ritualism adaptation which refers as no goals but with means cannot apply in this case. Nonetheless, the report A study on Girls in Gangs, One of the interviewees said that she joins gang because of her boyfriend is one of the members in gangs.(16, student)Furthermore, from what she has said, girls join gangs may seem to have a new goal which is find a boyfriend and maintain a stable love relationship with their partner, but it is also talk about they need emotional attachment, love and belonging by the mean. Thus, rebellion adaptation which have new goals and new means, and innovation adaptation which have goals and new means are not applicable in girls join gangs in Hong Kong, because they do not have the new goals and new means. The above report datas also presented some of the girls know that when they need to leave the gang. The report shown that girls join gangs which they think they were smart enough to protect themselves, and they know what they are doing, they always did something for aim.(18, employee) This shows that they are not as what retreatlism adaptation means have no goals and no means to do some deviant behavior, and what Merton regards as true deviant. Therefore, retreatlism adaptation cannot apply in this case, as the girls join gangs for goals. In our life, different countries or places may bring a different social structure. Compare to America, Hong Kong is rarely have serious criminal cases, and the girls in gangs which were totally different. Mertons theory can explain why rates of deviant behavior are higher in some sectors of the society than in others. American culture is characterized by great emphasis on the accumulation of wealth as a success symbol without a corresponding emphasis on using legitimate means to match toward their goal.'(Marshall B. Clinard, 1964) Refer to the theory, it told that in America society, if the one who want to achieve goals of being wealthy, they can use any means leaned success, even illegal or criminal should be accepted by the theory. Thus, American are more focus on wealth, and do not care all other things such as relationship, love, caring, academic, and they may not facing the same problems of Hong Kong girls in gangs which was lack of affiliation or facing failure. Then, compare t o the case of Hong Kong girls in gangs, mainly concerned about the emotional attachment and conformity, join gangs seek as an instruments to achieve their conformity, they may have goals but they do not have any new means. So in this way, Mertons theory may not be appropriate to apply on the girls join gangs in Hong Kong society which is more applicable on American society. Last but not least, Hong Kong girls join gangs should be regarding something they want like affiliation to achieve with means, which is Hong Kong girls join gangs were trying to gain conformity by satisfy their emotional attachment, love and belonging. So conformity adaptation of the Mertons theory is the only one can apply and suit on the girls join gangs in Hong Kong. On the other hand, girls in gang of Hong Kong society need to fulfill their need with means, but not with new goals or new means, so other adaptation of the Mertons theory may not be the best to apply in Girls in Gangs of Hong Kong society. Therefore, to a large extent I disagree to Merton’s strain towards anomie theory. Reference Readings Chu, Yiu Kong (2005)An analysis of Youth Gangs in Tin Shui Wai in Hong Kong in Hong Kong Journal of Social Sciences NO.29 Spring/Summer 2005. Clinard, Marshall B.(1995) Robert Merton: Anomie and Social Structure in Earl Eubington and Martin S. Weinberg ed. The study of Social Problems Seven Perspectives, London : Oxford University Press. Haralambos, Michael and Holborn, Martin (2000) Sociology Themes and Perspectives ,London Collins. Mok, James and Chan Shui-ching(2008) A study on Girls in Gangs, Hong Kong : Research Centre, Hong Kong Federation of Youth Group.

Essay --

The Battle of Britain began July 10th 1940 when Germany launched the first bombing raid against Great Britain. Hitler, the chancellor of Germany and dictator of Nazi Germany, declared, â€Å"The German Air Force is to overcome the British Air Force with all means at its disposal, and as soon as possible.† Hitler’s goal was for Germany to achieve superiority in the skies by gaining the possesion of the airspace owned by Great Britain. It was after successfully occupying France that Germany turned its sights on Britain and gathered their forces in preparation for an air assault. On July 10th the onslaught commenced. Germany’s Air Forces struck at British shipping convoys in the channel off the south coast of Britain. Occasionally they dive-bombed the cargo ships, but the first phase of the attack was mostly just a way to get things moving. It was relatively simple, Hitler wanted to give his pilots an opportunity to train and also wanted to observe Britain's defenses. British pilots and resources took a severe hit defending the convoys, and eventually they were forced to re-route the convoys in order to avoid the Channel. Attacks on the convoys lasted up until the 12th of August. During this time raids were also made on the ports of Dover and Plymouth, two important Royal Navy shore establishments.Three days after the Battle’s beginning the Luftwaffe, the aerial warfare branch of the German Air Force during World War Two, began to lay mines around Britain. This tactic would continue on into early September. During the first phase of Germany’s assault The Royal Air Force was dangerously outnumbered, however they also had many favorable assets. One of their greatest advantages being that they possessed a radar that was considered to be th... ...y the end of phase two more raids had been ordered on Royal Air Force airfields, and there seemed to be no end in sight, and it just got worse in phase three. Phase three marked the beginning of Germany targeting not just military, but also civilian establishments. In the night heavy bombing raids commenced over london. These raids continued regularly into late september, and to a lesser severity proceeded to happen for several years. Because of a setback on August 24th due to poor weather conditions and a dwindling number of bombers Germany was forced to change tactics. They set their sights back southeast and worked on taking out Flight Command. The German Air Force managed to be successful in heavily damaging six out of seven primary bases in the southeast part of of England. In some cases the bases had suffered enough damage to seriously limit their efficiency.

Stephen Vincent Benet :: essays research papers

Stephen Vincent Benet   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Only in a time when the pressure of the world amounts to angst and the fight for freedom can a world advance in it's literary achievements. A writer, just like an artist, builds his creations from the mood and settings of the surrounding atmosphere. In the first half of the twentieth century, the atmosphere was filled with resources to stimulate literary creativity, such as the second World War and the Great Depression (Roache 102: 14). The social genre of the time gave way to the broad appeal to American life and the focus of freedom leading to original stories and historical themes (Folsom 3: 953). Of course, the past would remain a constant influence. Some common topics were the Civil War and the settlement of western U.S. frontier life (Magill 1: 174). Stephen Vincent Benet took all these factors into mind during his life as a twentieth century writer/poet. Keeping the times, the life, and the literature of Stephen Vincent Benet a major part of his influence and achievements, he helped push America towards a united cultural victory.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stephen Vincent Benet was born in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania to James Walker Benet, a career military officer, and Francis Neill Rose Benet on the twenty-second of July 1898 (Roache 102: 11, 13). He described himself as a positive-thinking and modest man, who is thin, attractive, vivacious, whereas his wife and his mother-in-law would consider him a plain, tall, large biter-of- nails who carries a foolish expression, but whose intellect is too much for words (Parsekian 1).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  He couldn't have been too foolish of a person due to his positive upbringing. Benet's parents planned for him to be a success in whatever he chose to do. Their open-mindedness encouraged him to explore books and ideas in a professional state., as well as to appreciate and take literature and history very seriously (Roache 102: 13). Because of this upbringing, all three Benet children became poets and authors. (Stephen Vincent Benet was the youngest of them.) Much influence over the Benets came from love for the country because James' military work called for traveling between Georgia, California, Illinois, New York, and Pennsylvania (Griffith 11).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Benet's education shows how successful he really was. He entered Yale University at 17 years old, when he published his first book. About that time, he became professional with New York writers (Roache 102: 13). Stephen Vincent Benet earned his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1919 and his Master of Arts degree in 1920 at Yale before accepting a fellowship to Paris where he could live cheaply and write his first novel and would later find his wife.