Gucci’s Closest Competitor

Fundamentally CONTRAST THE KEY ELEMENT OF GUCCI’S MARKETING STRATEGY TO ITS CLOSEST COMPETITOR. Legitimize WHY YOU HAVE CHOSEN THIS COMPANY AS GUCCI’S CLOSEST COMPETITORS Gucci is one of the most remarkable pioneers in extravagance style advertise. Gucci is established by Guccio Gucci in 1921 in Florence, Italy. Presently, Gucci is the piece of Gucci Group and Pinault Printemps Recloute (PPR). The globalization of the design condition and lift in the western economies change Gucci from a little Italian organization in to huge extravagance style brand in worldwide level. In 1980s, Gucci had lost its allure and turned into a tasteless brand and was likewise in profound money related emergency. Be that as it may, Tom Ford raised Gucci from dead and discovered the company’s driving status and keeps up their client faithfulness. He made Gucci’s picture as: smooth, hot, and brave. What's more, Frida Giannini the new inventive chief of Gucci after Tom Ford changed the picture of Gucci from attractive to erotic nature. There are different sides to a brand like Gucci: the fabulous, entirely chic side yet in addition with its underlying foundations and legacy of 90yrs history and craftsmans working for Gucci. (Frida Giannini , The Times, sept 5, 2009) For the Gucci’s resurrection advertising blend assumes an essential job. The idea of 4Ps or the advertising blend is to clarify the relationship of item, value, advancement and spot with in the brand/business. The promoting blend is set of showcasing devices that the firm uses to seek after its advertising destinations in the objective market. Along these lines, this hypothesis suggests that all brands/business need the correct item, sell that item at right cost, in the perfect spot, utilizing the most appropriate advancement. Essentially marks utilize this idea to pull in their objective purchaser to coordinate their needs and requests. Out of these 4Ps item is primary centered territory of advertising blend on the grounds that the item is mix of substantial and impalpable offer that a brand offers to client to bring in cash. Item tends to the need of customer. The item must have the correct highlights like: it must look great and function admirably. â€Å"When all around structured, great quality item is at the base of the promoting effort it frequently includes a level of credibility and genuineness to the advertising methodology. † (Gary Aspden †Adidas) For instance: customer needs to fit in with the companion gathering and the issue of how best to do this is unraveled by wearing specific brand’s stylish item. Acing Fashion Marketing, Tim Jackson, 2008). As referenced before that item is the principle component of the advertising blend and in that item classification footwear is the fundamental centered zone. â€Å"Shoes are consistently the most significant thing since they are what your iden tity is. They change the manner in which you walk, the manner in which you move. † †Tom Ford The market for the footwear classification is United Kingdom. The explanation for picking this market is that the United Kingdom footwear showcase, the estimation of this market is arrived at a record high of over ? bn in 2008. The UK is one of Europe’s driving footwear markets, representing about 19% of the European footwear deals. PRODUCTSGUCCIPRADACHANELLouis Vuitton Women’s wear Men’s wear Shoes Hand Bags Jewelry Fragrance Watches Eye wear Beauty items X Hats Tie Scarves Based on the previously mentioned table Gucci's rivals are Prada, Chanel and Louis Vuitton. The explanations for taking just these brands are these four brands are exceptionally mainstream in extravagance advertise everywhere throughout the world. In this way, through this table get the essential thought of the item savvy examination in these four brands. All the four brands have practically comparative items however the character is extraordinary. Gucci is substantially more like Prada as far as brand picture and item examination. The brand picture of Gucci and Prada is alluring, ground-breaking, cultivated, hot and chic. Where as Chanel and Louis Vuitton have keen, exemplary, refined and develop character. As far as costs Gucci and Prada go connected at the hip while Louis Vuitton and Chanel are very costly as contrast with Gucci and Prada. While looking at the brand estimation of these brands and the positioning of Top 100 Brands Louis Vuitton remains on seventeenth position with the brand estimation of $21,120millions, Gucci remains on 45th position with the brand estimation of $3530 millions, Chanel remains on 60th position with the brand estimation of $6040 millions and Prada remains on 91th position with the brand estimation of $3530 millions. Along these lines, as looking at the brand worth and rank of top 100 brands Chanel will be the nearest contender of Gucci. Be that as it may, here the examination depends on the item in this way, Prada will the Gucci’s nearest contender in light of the fact that according to the product offering and brand picture Prada is Gucci’s nearest contender. GucciPrada As, referenced prior in the product offering Prada is the nearest contender of Gucci. Here, the pictures from Prada and Gucci men’s footwear assortment of Spring Summer 2010. The plan of the item is comparative, state of the shoes is additionally comparative, and material they utilized is likewise same. The cut detail of the outside counter of the shoes is likewise comparable. From the top view both the shoes look fundamentally the same as The sewing point of interest is comparable however Gucci gave dull shading channeling on the toe top and gave same shading sewing where as Prada gave differentiate shading sewing itemizing which is very observable. The shades of these shoes are diverse Gucci utilized Bordeaux shading in softened cowhide material which gives dull look while Prada utilized same material in Red shading which gives exceptionally brilliant and savvy look. Prada likewise gave a logo on side of the shoe while Gucci gave green, red and green shading web stripe. The enumerating on the tongue of the shoes is likewise unique Gucci gave crisscross look on the edge which gave a harsh look however its completed where Prada gave exceptionally completed look sewing which give extremely refined look. The covering of the both the shoes are additionally comparative as far as shading and cowhide in sole logo. The shade of the sole is likewise comparative however enumerating is distinctive Gucci gave their own image logo specifying on the elastic sole where as Prada utilized decent itemizing on drive sole. The cost of Gucci’s shoes is $530 where as Prada shoes cost around $557. Great structure and shading and with reasonable value Prada is better than Gucci in this examination. Gucci Prada This promoting effort is for Autumn Winter 2009/10 for Prada and Gucci for the footwear assortment. In both the promoting effort both the brand concentrated uniquely on the item. Gucci’s items are glossy and alluring which speaks to urban, delightful, youthful and chic look. Where as Prada shoes are propelled by Trojan cap/headgear which gives smart and cool look and more spotlight on item enumerating. Gucci ( Gucci’s store show window is exceptionally essential with fragrance bottle shape with yellow light and purse shape with pink light and setting is enlivened with Gucci logo. In the presentation Gucci show packs and shoes together. The vibe and the light impact give extremely rich look to Gucci’s show window. In the showcase window Gucci just showed their essential and great sack and shoes. Though Gucci’s picture is extremely arousing, smooth and hot, yet through this window show Gucci can not pass on its image picture. Yet, the light impact, climate and item supplement one another. Be that as it may, this presentation doesn't Whereas Prada’s window show is absolutely inverse to Gucci’s window show. Prada give more spotlight on their item in the presentation window. Prada utilized six silver mannequins to show their footwear and which gave popular look. Indeed, even the shade of footwear is decent and eye appealing when it put on those silver mannequins. The position of the mannequins is additionally extremely pleasant, they showed 3 mannequins the correct way and rest of 3 mannequins they simply flip it so the item can feature more. What's more, they utilized white lights for the presentation. In this way, through this window show Prada pass on their image picture which exceptionally in vogue, savvy, attractive and arousing. Therefore, to finish up we can say that Prada is Gucci’s nearest contenders. The explanation for this is Prada offer practically all the item which Gucci offers and the brand picture of Gucci and Prada is same which is extremely provocative, smooth, arousing and keen. In product offering in a similar season Gucci and Prada offers practically comparative shoes however Prada’s shoes are brilliant and stylish where as Gucci’s shoes give exceptionally dull look. Thus, from that correlation Gucci can't keep up their image picture where as Prada’s shoes are straightforward yet Prada keep up their image picture which is keen. While looking at the promoting effort and the store show window, Prada and Gucci go inseparably as far as pass on the message through publicizing effort and furthermore feature their picture through store feel. Be that as it may, Gucci has 278 stores all around the globe where as Prada have 128 stores far and wide. Along these lines, universally Gucci is more renowned than Prada. The brand estimation of Gucci is more than Prada. Reference: Websites: http://bwnt. businessweek. com/interactive_reports/best_global_brands_2009/file. asp? sortCol=rankid=1=2=50 http://www. stanforddaily. com/2009/03/06/milan-design week-genders out/http://www. researchandmarkets. com/research/34a553/footwear_market_re Books: Journals: Images: Prada Display: http://williamyan. com/blog/2009/7/24/retail-prada-window-show in-soho. html) Gucci show: http://www. bobbintalk. com/2009/11/window-shopping-gucci. html

ACQUISITION OF JAGUAR AND LAND ROVER

Obtaining OF JAGUAR AND LAND ROVER In a changing world the main steady is change. The world despises change however, yet it is the main thing that has brought progress. Charles Kettering (Brainquotes.com) Change is an unavoidable impact. We are altogether dependent upon persistent difference in some structure. Change is an inevitable piece of both social and hierarchical life. (Mullins, 2007:909) Authoritative change implies critical modification in any at least one of the assignments, procedures, structures and individuals of the association. (Saiyadain, 2003:174) Change is acquainted either with improve adequacy or to adjust to outer changes. Chiefs face intricate and testing weights and openings while presenting change in an association. They should guarantee the proficient utilization of assets and, simultaneously, discover methods of ensuring the drawn out adequacy of the associations for which they work. Arranging, executing and adapting to change has been, and appears to probably stay, one of the fundamental difficulties confronting administrators, in both the private and open parts, today. In assembling, banking, training and human services change is the standard. (Carnall, 2007) Overseeing change under the most favorable circumstances is a test since it goes past the domains of rationale and digs into the domains of discernment. Individuals are normally disposed over hundreds of years of molded conduct to be agreeable in the present and any declaration of progress causes them to see new circumstances, new individuals, new places, and more up to date security issues. Indeed, when man is approached to think outside his usual range of familiarity, his first observations are generally protective and negative, henceforth overseeing change is a test. Overseeing change in an individual or family condition is troublesome enough considering changed conditions, changed monetary status, and changed connections. In any case, there is once in a while any seriousness or a danger of conservative or passionate security from ones precious ones. None the less, the two focuses referenced in the prior section about man seeing change adversely stay a test. The procedure of authoritative change can be started purposely by supervisors, it can develop gradually inside a division, it very well may be forced by explicit changes in arrangement or systems, or it can emerge through outside weights. Change can influence all parts of the activity and working of the association. Most arranged authoritative change is activated by the need to react to new difficulties or openings introduced by the outer condition. Arranged change speaks to a deliberate endeavor to improve, in some significant way, the operational viability of the association. Hence, the essential targets of overseeing authoritative change are: Adjusting the standards of conduct of the individuals from the associations Improving the capacity of the association to adapt to changes in its condition. It is additionally significant for the executives to comprehend the explanations behind, and nature of, opposition and to embrace a plainly characterized procedure for the inception of progress. The fruitful administration of progress is an inexorably significant administrative obligation. (Mullins, 2007) The merger and obtaining blast has welcomed change following right after its all through industry and business. A significant part of authoritative change can be seen in an obtaining. So as to comprehend this feature, I contemplated the instance of an Indian organization obtaining a UK one; the Tatas getting Jaguar Land Rover. Goodbye apparently values its workers as much as its benefits, and highly esteems equity and reasonable administration. After a lot of offering and exchanges, the Tatas purchased the prior Ford claimed Jaguar Land Rover, for an incredible USD 2.3 billion. Both the organizations went into shared understandings seeing different angles, for example, bolster offices like IT, plan and advancement of the cars to keep the uniqueness unblemished. By considering this authoritative change, I dissected and concentrated on, how smooth correspondence and comprehension can prompt duplicating with obstruction of any sorts. Writing REVIEW The idea of hierarchical change is a wide change rather than little changes. Instances of wide change may remember a change for a strategic, activities, new advancements, mergers and acquisitions, re-building and so on change ought not be accomplished for change its a technique to achieve some general objective. (www.managementhelp.org) Commonly there are solid protections from change. Individuals fear the obscure. Frequently there are clashing objectives in the association. Associations wide changes regularly conflict with the very qualities held dear by individuals from the association. That is the reason hierarchical change talks about required changes in the social part of qualities and convictions. Arranged Organization Change Process:- (Conduct Modification) Authoritative change requires an adjustment in the individual conduct of the workers. Any hierarchical change whether presented through another auxiliary structure or new innovation endeavors to cause workers to alter their conduct in light of the fact that except if the standards of conduct change, there will be next to no effect on the adequacy of the association. Kurt Lewin thought of a three-stage procedure of conduct alteration to actualize arranged change. Change in Organization Requires Change in the conduct of people Calls for Unfreezing Development Refreezing (Ahmad, Gilkar and Darzi, 2008) Unfreezing The way toward unfreezing is the hardest stage where one needs to conquer the idleness of agreeable practices and lack of concern to persuade others that the change isn't simply essential yet alluring as well. Lewin accepts that change ought not come as an amazement to individuals from the association, unannounced change would be socially damaging and contradicted by the individuals. (Cole, 2005) The administration must make ready by unfreezing the circumstance, with the goal that individuals would be willing and prepared to acknowledge the change. Thusly any protection from change can likewise be killed. Development Once the unfreezing procedure is finished and the individuals from the association acknowledge and perceive the necessity of progress and have been completely arranged to acknowledge the equivalent, their personal conduct standards must be upgraded. (Kumar and Mittal, 2002) This should be possible by setting up new revealing connections and making reward/motivating force systems.(Hunt Simms) The development procedure includes advancement of new mentalities or conduct and the usage of the change. (Mullins, 2007) Refreezing Change or development stage proceeds until another equalization is made between the powers driving and controlling change. Subsequently the point of refreezing is to set up this equalization at a more elevated level of execution. This is finished by supporting systems for instance approaches, structure or standards (Mullins, 2007:910) which decidedly strengthens the better approaches for working. (Chase Simms) During this stage, people disguise the new conduct created in the development stage. Protection from Change:- Change in an association can have various reactions. The most evident one is obstruction. Any change whether valuable or shallow, is probably going to meet some obstruction which is ordinarily from the individuals of the association, particularly if the current framework favors them. Regard for people and correspondence are the essentials required to assist individuals with adjusting to change. (Chase Simms) It could be said, protection from change is certain. It gives a level of security and consistency to conduct. In the event that there isn't some opposition, authoritative conduct would take on qualities of disorderly haphazardness. (Ahmad, Gilkar and Darzi, 2008) Protection from change can take numerous structures and it is regularly hard to pinpoint the specific explanations behind the opposition. The powers against change in work associations include: disregarding the necessities and desires for individuals; when individuals have lacking data about the idea of the change; or on the off chance that they don't see the need to change. Fears might be communicated over issues, for example, business levels and professional stability, de-skilling of work, loss of occupation fulfillment, wage rate differentials, changes to social structures and working conditions, loss of individual power over work, and more prominent administration control. (Mullins, 2007 Protection from change can be ordered into two classes: Singular obstruction Authoritative obstruction Explanations behind individual protection from change inside associations incorporate the accompanying: Specific observation: Peoples own translation of boosts may prompt specific discernment which further structure a one-sided perspective on a specific circumstance, and consequently cause protection from change. For instance, worker's organizations may have a generalized perspective on the board as conniving and in this manner restrict any administration change; anyway very much established may have been the goal. Propensity: individuals tend respond to circumstances in an acclimated way. Proposed changes to propensities, particularly if the propensities are settled and require little exertion, likely could be stood up to. Be that as it may, if there is a plainly seen advantage, for instance a decrease in working hours without loss of pay, there is probably going to be less, assuming any, protection from change. Burden or loss of opportunity: If the change is viewed as prone to demonstrate badly designed, make life progressively troublesome, lessen opportunity of activity or result in expanded control, there will be obstruction. Financial ramifications: People are probably going to oppose change which is seen as lessening their compensation or money related prizes, requiring an expansion in work for a similar degree of pay or going about as a danger to their professional stability. Security previously: in the midst of trouble or when confronted with new or new thoughts and strategies, individuals will in general think about their past to discover a suspicion that all is well and good. For instance, in bureaucratic associations, authorities regularly will in general spot confidence in settled strategies and procedures a

How to Avoid Common Mistakes When Handling an EEOC Complaint

How to Avoid Common Mistakes When Handling an EEOC Complaint If you run a big company long enough, complaints about harassment and discrimination at work are bound to find their way to your doorstep. It’s one thing when such complaints are handled internally.It’s quite another when you receive a letter from the Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) informing you that a discrimination charge has been brought forward by one of your employees and the commission is commencing investigations on the matter.EEOC complaints can have huge impacts on your business.If the matter goes to court, it turn out be a long, exhausting, and financially draining litigation process.In addition, it could completely tarnish your company’s image and drive away both customers and potential hires in future.It could also lead to high employee turnover as your best people start to look for greener pastures elsewhere.The point here is that EEOC complaints are no trivial matter.They must be handled with extreme care if you want your company to survive one without b eing scathed.In this article, we take an in-depth look into EEOC complaints and some common mistakes to avoid when dealing with an EEOC complaint.WHAT IS AN EEOC COMPLAINT? EEOC stands for Employment Opportunity Commission. It is the US federal agency responsible for administration and enforcing of civil rights laws in the event of discrimination at the workplace.The commission has the mandate to investigate cases of people suffering discrimination at the workplace because of their race, religion, sex, national origin, age, disability, gender identity, genetic information, sexual orientation, as well as cases of retaliation after reporting, opposing, or participating in a discriminatory practice.In 2018, the EEOC received a total of 76,418 complaints.Most of these were retaliations.Other big offenders included race, sex, and disability-related complaints.In that year alone, the commission received over 554,000 calls and emails, handled over 200,000 enquiries relating to potential di scrimination claims.In the course of the year, the EEOC filed 199 lawsuits, filed 29 amicus curiae briefs, and resolved 141 lawsuits.WHAT HAPPENS WHEN SOMEONE FILES A COMPLAINT? The commission uses a variety of techniques to investigate a complaint â€" each case is different, with different circumstances requiring a different approach.If someone in your company files a discrimination complaint, the EEOC might send over an investigator to the office/workplace.Another case might involve talking to potential witnesses via phone or asking your company to give written information to the commission.The EEOC asks the employer to respond to the charge with a position statement (that is give their side of the story).Furthermore, the commission may also ask the company to produce documents and any other information that relates to the EEOC charge.If your company ever receives an EEOC charge or subpoena, this is the smart way to respond:Don’t blow off the charge.Call your lawyer.If you have taken insurance to cover such situations (employment practices liability insurance â€" EPLI), notify your insurance carrier about the charge.The commission usually offers the company an opportunity for mediation. Consider it seriously. In many cases, you can resolve the charge and get a general release, and save the money you would have spent litigating the claim in court.On the other hand, if you don’t wish to mediate or settle, do not ignore the EEOC’s request for documents or reply noncommittally. What you could do instead is contact the EEOC investigator and politely explain why the commission should narrow down and tailor its request. Consult your lawyer for advice on the best approach to take.Be reasonable, be selective â€" Do not object merely on grounds of principle. Develop a strong argument based on the information they are seeking and the scope of the filed complaint.Even when objecting, ensure you provide the commission with the information that they are entitled to receive.Keep good records of your negotiations with the agency in the course of the investigation. Send letters to confirm any verbal agreements and conversations. In case matters end up in court, you want to prove that you cooperated.WHAT HAPPENS WHEN YOU DON’T HANDLE EEOC COMPLAINTS PROPERLY?It is important that you handle an EEOC complaint properly.Failure to do so can have several negative repercussions for your company, including:Costly litigation â€" If you cooperate, you might resolve the issue through mediation or a settlement. If you don’t, the EEOC may sue you. Even if it doesn’t sue, the employee who filed the complaint has the right to do so. This will translate to a litigation that is costly in more ways than one, including steep legal expenses and bad publicity that eats into your bottom line.Penalties and indemnifications â€" Whether you resolve the case through litigation, settlement, or mediation, you as the employers are still required to pay penalties for th e EEOC complainants. You might be required to pay their back wages, reinstate them, and in some cases, promote them. You could even be ordered to pay their legal expense. If it goes to court and you lose, the court may award punitive and compensatory damages to the complainants. How you handle the situation determines how much you end up spending.Loss of reputation â€" This is particularly pertinent if you operate in a competitive market where customers are spoilt for choice. Customers stay with you because of their perception of your company. If your company’s reputation is ruined, this could result in some customers shunning your company. Potential employees will also have qualms about working for your company.Labor turnover â€" If you handle the EEOC complaint wrongly, your other employees will realize they work in an unfriendly work environment and will be more likely to leave, especially your best people.COMMON EEOC COMPLAINTS Source: Labor Day BlogCommon EEOC complaints are based on at least one or a combination of the following discriminations/situations: sex, race, religion, national origin, color, disability, age, equal pay, genetic information discrimination, or retaliations.Sex DiscriminationThis occurs when someone at a workplace (an applicant or employee) receives unfair treatment on account of their sex.It includes discriminating against them because of their gender identity and their sexual orientation.Race/ColorRace discrimination is when someone is treated unfairly because they belong to a certain race or have certain personal characteristics associated with race â€" like skin color, hair texture, or certain facial features.ReligionReligion discrimination pertains unfair treatment on account of one’s religious beliefs.The law protects those who belong to traditional, organized religions as well as those who have sincerely held religious, moral, or ethical beliefs.National OriginThis involves treating people unfairly because of their ethnicity, accent, country or part of the world they come from, or because they appear to belong to a certain ethnic background.It is unlawful for employers to hire only US citizens or lawful permanent residents unless the law, regulation, or government contract requires them to do so.DisabilityDisability discrimination is when a qualified person with a disability receives unfavorable treatment because of their disability.According to the Americans with Disabilities Act, employers should provide reasonable accommodation for employees or job applicants with disabilities, unless this would cause undue hardship for the employer.AgeThe Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) protects persons who are 40 and older from discrimination.While it does not expressly protect younger workers, some states do have laws that prohibit age discrimination among younger workers.Equal Pay/CompensationThe Equal Pay Act requires people to receive equal pay for equal work. The jobs don’t have to be identical, so long as they are substantially equal. Equality is determined by job content not job title. The law covers all forms of pay.PregnancyThis involves unfavorable treatment of a woman because of childbirth, pregnancy, or a medical condition related to the two.Women are protected from this kind of discrimination by the Pregnancy Discrimination Act (PDA).Genetic InformationThe Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA) protects employees from genetic information discrimination. Employers should not use genetic information when making employment decisions.An example of genetic information is information about a disease or disorder in a person’s family medical history.RetaliationComplaints against retaliation are the highest in number of all EEOC complaints. Retaliation occurs when an employer retaliates against employees for doing any of the following things:Filing EEOC complaintsBeing a witness in an EEOC chargeCommunicating wi th a supervisor or manager about employment discriminationRefusing to obey orders that would lead to discriminationResisting sexual advances or intervening to protect someone else from sexual harassmentAsking for accommodation of a religious practice or disabilityAsking coworkers or managers about salary information in a bid to reveal potentially discriminatory wages.Answering questions during an investigation of alleged harassment at the workplaceCOMMON EEOC MISTAKES AND HOW TO AVOID THEMIf you own or run a company, there is a high chance you will get hit with an EEOC complaint at some point, if it hasn’t happened already.When this happens, there is a right approach and a wrong approach.Some employers react without prior deliberation, no plan, and it comes back to bite them when the case ends up in a courtroom.The following are the most common mistakes employers make and how you can steer clear of them:Ignoring the ComplaintUpon receiving a complaint from the EEOC, some employers may choose to ignore the complaints for a variety of reasons, such as assuming that the EEOC does not apply to their business because they employ less than 15 employees, or assuming that the charge is not something serious.Regardless of the number of people working under your company, or any other circumstances, you should take an EEOC complaint very seriously, and under no conditions should you ignore the complaint.For instance, racial discrimination cases have a law known as Section 1981 which supersedes the Title VII of the Civil Rights Act. Section 1981 covers all employees, regardless of a company’s size.Furthermore, Fair Employment Practices Agencies (FEPAs), which apply to counties and states, may offer protection to employees where the EEOC can’t.Our advice is that you should cooperate with the EEOC investigators.If you have a lawyer, call them, ask for their advice on how to approach the situation, learn what loopholes there are or what booby traps are in the law that you should watch out for.If you ignore the EEOC, they will probably slap your company with a subpoena, and if the matter does end up in court, the judge will have a simple decision to make since it will be clear that you did not cooperate at all or even communicate with the EEOC.In other words, you need to be strategic. Give in a little, but with your eye on the endgame.It will give you and your lawyers[s] time to come up with a plan of action and sort through your different options, which include objecting, mediation, or out of court settlement.Not Being ProactiveDon’t wait for the EEOC to do all the investigating. They could miss something or look in the wrong place.Since you know your own company better than they do, you are likely to find more information than they do.Once you are notified of the EEOC complaint, you should start your own internal investigation into the matter in order to find out the veracity of the complaint.Carrying out your own investigation will also help you to determine how deeply it goes, with the ultimate aim of putting an end to discrimination and harassment in your company.When carrying out your investigation, seek the counsel of your lawyers as well as the advice of human resource professionals. Be very careful who you select for the job of investigating.Look for someone who has a broad experience and a good understanding of discrimination law.It’s wiser to use outside consultants on the matter because you don’t want the investigator to have any connection to the allegations or any interest whatsoever in the outcome.Keep in mind that this person might be summoned as a witness in case of litigation.You need someone ethical, someone you can trust.Ensure the investigator has access to any documents relevant to the investigation â€" hardcopy, electronic documents, emails, personnel files, managers’ desk files and notes, performance reviews, HR policies, HR files that pertain to the complainant, the accused, the possible witn esses, and so on.Communicate to your people that no documents should be destroyed as this can ruin the investigation, both yours and the commission’s and put you in a precarious position in the eyes of the EEOC.After completing the investigation, determine if any discrimination occurred.Develop and implement a plan on how to address the inappropriate behavior, illegal or not.Inappropriate behavior, even when seemingly harmless is not something you want tolerate in your workplace as it can balloon into something undesirable.Meanwhile, the results of your investigation will determine what course you should take with the EEOC â€" go for an out of court settlement, mediation, or fully cooperate with the commission and await its decision.As with most situations in life and business, if you don’t take the reins and control the situation, you and your company will be passive participants who react to things instead of active participants who chart their own course.Being InconsistentIf you say one thing today and say another tomorrow, it hurts the perception you convey to the investigators and eventually, if matters take that route, to the court.That’s why it’s so important that you take the EEOC complaint seriously and be proactive in gathering all the necessary information you need with the help of your legal counsel, your human resource department, and an internal investigation.It’s important to think things through clearly, ensuring that you are not frivolous when articulating your position statement. You don’t want to leave out any important information or any reasons that explain the situation.If you leave out information in your statement and later after the initial confusion subsides you want to enhance your statement at court with new or different information, the court is likely to view such inconsistency unfavorably.It gives the court grounds to consider your reasons as pretexts and ultimately gives it a justification to decide against you.There fore, take great pains to ensure your position statement articulates everything accurately and clearly.RetaliationAs I mentioned, retaliations make up the bulk of EEOC complaints. Retaliating is the worst mistake you can make in handling an EEOC complaint.First of all, retaliation is itself one of the types of workplace discrimination that the EEOC has the mandate to investigate.Even if the original complaint lacked merit, retaliation makes the EEOC investigator and the court more likely to side with the complainant.Furthermore, it opens a new charge against you, which the court will most certainly convict you for, even when taking your side in the original discrimination charge.Destroying EvidenceThere is one thing about such cases â€" no matter how hard you press down on the lid, given enough time and a proper investigation, the truth will always reveal itself eventually.Destroying evidence may seem like a good decision at the time, but it is not so wise in the long-term.Any attem pts to conceal, destroy, or falsify documents/evidence are illegal and will come back to haunt you. Simply don’t do it.Refusing MediationAt the end of the day, remember you are running a business.What matters most in a business is the bottom line. You should make decisions based on how they affect your company’s profitability.A hardline stance may give you a good feeling of standing your ground, but if in the long run it leads to expenses which your company can’t afford to pay, is it really worth it?Some employers are skeptical of the EEOC’s mediation program, unable to conceive that EEOC mediators can act with any fairness to the employers.This is a mistaken point of view. EEOC mediators are, in fact, fair and savvy.It is their job is to facilitate economical resolutions where possible.Of course not every case should go the mediation route â€" sometimes clearing the company’s name is more important.Intentional DelayYes, we talked about being strategic, but some tactics ar e ultimately self-harming.Delay can be a legitimate strategy in some cases, but it’s generally not, particularly if you don’t have an endgame in mind.One way delaying cooperation can harm you is in the accrual of back pay and back benefits that you are expected to pay the complainant.In other words, the more you delay, the more money you will have to take out of your pocket to pay the complainant.Moreover, if the matter goes to court, your slow cooperation won’t win any points in your favors.Working on Your OwnWhat you need when a legal problem such as this crops up is practical, avoid the temptation to handle the matter by yourself.Solid advice from an experienced, knowledgeable legal professional â€" a lawyer who has a good understanding of discrimination laws and preferably experience dealing with such cases.In truth, many of the mistakes we have listed here would be avoided if you had a good lawyer in your corner to tell you what to do and what not to do.Furthermore, lawye rs have their own way of communicating with each other, and you will make faster progress if you have a lawyer communicating on your behalf with the EEOC lawyers.WRAPPING UPWhen faced with an EEOC complaint, it is of utmost importance to handle the complaint carefully. Do not react without thinking. Do not ignore the complaint, do not retaliate, and do not react with unnecessary aggression.Cooperate where cooperation is logical.Object where objection is logical. Talk to a lawyer. Conduct an internal investigation.You will also need to decide how you will play it. Will you wait for the commission’s decision, settle, or go for mediation?Think long-term, not short-term. Think of your company’s best interests.Above all, put in place mechanisms in your organization that ensure cases of discrimination either don’t happen or are dealt with swiftly before they escalate because in the long run they are very costly.

an exploration of causes and effects of obesity - 3283 Words

An Exploration of the causes and effects of obesity Obesity is excess body fat. It is usually defined by body mass index (BMI) which is individual’s weight (kg) divided by their squares of height (m) (Jebb, 2004; Eagle et al, 2004). At the same time, BMI was classified into four conditions. Firstly, when the BMI less than 18.5 kg/㎠¡is underweight. Secondly, 18.5 kg/㎠¡to less than 25.0 kg/㎠¡ belong to normal weight. Thirdly, overweight is 25.0 kg/㎠¡to less than 30.0 kg/㎠¡. Finally, exceeding 30.0 kg/㎠¡ is totally obese (Eagle et al, 2004). Other papers categorize more detailed in the part of obese, which sections three parts, such as, Grade I obesity (30.0 kg/㎠¡to less than 35.0 kg/㎠¡), Grade II obesity (35.0 kg/㎠¡to less than 40.0 kg/㎠¡) ,†¦show more content†¦Jebb (2004) states that ‘It effects include metabolic syndrome (type 2 diabetes, hypertension and hyperlipidemia), and mechanical disorders (e.g. osteoarthritis, respiratory problems, sleep apnoea) and psychosocial di sorders’ (Jebb, 2004). Other scholar has a similar view that it is a significant problem that obesity is not only one of the endocrine-metabolic conditions but also is a beginning of a series of diseases including type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome and some types of cancer in public health (Jimà ©nez, 2011). Let us detail that those relationships between obesity and the following diseases. Firstly, there is an extremely close relationship of type 2 diabetes and obesity. Diabetes belongs to metabolic syndrome, which causes the factors of atherosclerotic disease (Jebb, 2004). Further, the development and severity of this kind of disease is depending on weight increase (ibid), thus obesity is an important element factor. For example, women whose BMI is 25 kg/㎠¡ lead to the probability of diabetes is just five-fold, if the BMI is over 35 kg/㎠¡, the probability will increased to more than 40-fold (Jebb, 2004). Furthermore, the probability of diabetes still depends on different body shapes, such as, apple-shaped, pear-shaped, if women have a similar BMI. Jebb found apple-shaped women who have a large waist are higher diabetes risk than pear-shaped women who have excess fat on the thighs and hips (Jebb, 2004). Secondly,Show MoreRelatedObesity Is A Medical Condition1708 Words   |  7 PagesPart 1 Obesity is a medical condition where there is the accumulation of excess fat in the body such that the individual’s health is affected negatively resulting in an increase in health problems and a reduced life expectancy. The measurement of obesity is with the use of the BMI where the individual’s weight is divided by their height square, and this should not be above 30kg/m2. In the United States, obesity remains the one of the leading cause of death as it is associated with heart disease (CdcRead More Prevention of Obesity Essay1265 Words   |  6 Pagesto the prevention of obesity. An insight into the prevalence of obesity as well as the causes and its effects shall be evaluated. Public health strategies on the prevention of obesity and its effects in relation to Government strategies shall be addressed. 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An insight into the prevalence of obesity as well as the causes and its effects shall be evaluated. Public health strategies regarding the prevention of obesity and its eff ects in comparison to Government strategies shall be addressed. The nurse’s role as an educator in relation to this public health issue, strategies formulated by HPCT to prevent obesity and how it focuses on other diseases associated with obesity shall be discussed. The following sectionRead MoreChildhood Obesity Essay1060 Words   |  5 PagesJ., ... Eagle, K. A. (January 01, 2012). Understanding childhood obesity in America: linkages between household income, community resources, and childrens behaviors. American Heart Journal, 163, 5, 836-43. Hendriks, A., Habraken, J. M., Kremers, S. J., Jansen, M. J., Oers, H. v., Schuit, A. J. (2016). Obstacles and Enablers on the Way towards Integrated Physical Activity Policies for Childhood Obesity Prevention: An Exploration of Local Policy Officials’ Views. Biomed Research International, 20161-10Read MoreEffects Of Obesity On Children And Children1381 Words   |  6 Pagesthe children s improving in physical health to pre vent any disease in the future or at least to minimize the situation problem of obesity that is occurring right now in the 21st century. In addition, play is an important product for young children which can also help them have opportunities to enrich in their learning and be active youngsters. It is a new exploration where children can be active during play time, which play can help having bad health problems in the future. It is letting the childrenRead MoreIt Is Not Worth The Expense And Risk To Make A Manned Flight To Mars1616 Words   |  7 PagesMars for these reasons: because the cost of the exportation is not worth the risk involved. this exploration will have a negative effect on Americans. Mars exploration should be halted because of the cost to the economy, the risk to society and the lack of advanced technological equipment for the mission. The economy around the world has been very bad for years and sending people to Mars will only cause more problems to the economy. Although people may argue that money spent on exploring Mars isRead MoreEssay on Policy Priority Issue1648 Words   |  7 PagesPolicy Priority Issue: The Childhood Obesity Pandemic Marla C. Khalikov Chamberlain College of Nursing NR506 – 10999: Health Care Policy Winter 2014 Policy Priority Issue: The Childhood Obesity Pandemic Childhood obesity is a global pandemic requiring prioritization in policy and health care reform. It has many effects on acute and long term health, including increasing the risk for cardiovascular disease, diabetes, osteoarthritis, and certain types of cancer. This paper addressesRead MoreThe Metabolic Syndrome ( Ms )1512 Words   |  7 Pagesvarious core metabolic dysfunctions and problems. These include central obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Together these create a syndrome that is associated with obesity and diabetes among other diseases (Bertrais et al., 2005). The etiology of MS is varied and as such, diet and inactivity are proposed risk factors explaining the progression to the Metabolic Syndrome. Their effects on central obesity, hypertension, and insulin resistance will be explored. Related to dietRead MoreThe Australian Healthcare System Case Study1037 Words   |  5 Pagesstate of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not m erely the absence of disease or infirmity,† (Grad, 2002, pg. 984). 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Disorders That Come With Not Exercising - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 957 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/08/02 Category Health Essay Level High school Tags: Benefits of Exercise Essay Did you like this example? Disorders That Come With Not Exercising Exercise on a regular basis can help regulate weight, keep cholesterol levels low, and prevent Hypertension and Diabetes. With hard work and dedication it is proven that symptoms can be reduced due to exercise.   Physical activity can help prevent obesity and keep humans at a healthy weight. Eating too many calories but not burning them off can lead to being overweight as shown in many studies. Obesity results from energy imbalance: too many calories in, too few calories burned. The harder you exercise and the more intense pace you do it at also helps burn calories resulting in less body fat percentage. If you are trying to cut down on overall body fat it would be smart to go to the doctor regularly to be measured using a caliper. This is a device that pinches the skin and measures the amount of it that is fat. Many doctors use these on their patients who are concerned about weight loss. There are many physical activities that can be done as a prevention mechanism for obesity. Some of these include jogging, cycling, intense running, and or running stairs. A common misconception is that exercise comes through running, but exercise can be done through many different things. A study shown on wom en states The Nurses Health Study II, for example, followed more then 18,000 women for 16 years to study the relationship between changes in physical activity and weight. Although women gained on average, about 20 pounds over the course of the study, those who increased their physical activity by 30 minutes per day gained less weight than the woman whose activity levels stayed steady. Obesity can be so easily prevented.   Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Disorders That Come With Not Exercising" essay for you Create order Physical activity can also lower Cholesterol levels. You may be wondering what exactly Cholesterol is. Cholesterol is one of the fatty substances we have circulating in our blood. If we have too much, it can stick to the inside walls of our arteries, narrowing them and increasing risk of cardiovascular disease. There are a number of exercises that can be done in order to lower your Cholesterol. These consist of running, taking a brisk walk, biking, swimming laps, lifting weights, and yoga. Its very important to keep your Cholesterol low so that he fatty particles in your blood dont become over existent. This would then cause serious health issues. Physical activity can reduce another health risk known as Metabolic Syndrome. Metabolic Syndrome is an overall term used for someone who has many risk factors with their hearts. Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of conditions   increased blood pressure, high blood sugar, excess body fat around the waist, and abnormal cholesterol or triglyceride levels   that occur together, increasing your risk of heart disease, stroke and diabetes. A mistake that people make which can put them at risk for Metabolic Syndrome is having a sedentary lifestyle. Sedentary lifestyles include watching tv or sleeping which is unhealthy because it can easily be replaced with physical activity. Exercises that can be done are a long distance run uphill, or many individual sprints. Anything can reduce your risks slightly. Some of the signs to look for if you think you have METS syndrome is abdominal obesity, insulin abnormalities, increased blood pressure (Hypertension), and or increase of glucose levels. With hard work and dedication to get better through exercise, these symptoms can subside over the years.   Exercise or physical activity also lowers risk for diabetes mellitus. Any type of physical activity (even low-intensity physical activity performed at least once a week) is related to reduced risk of developing diabetes mellitus among individuals aged [greater or equal to] 70 years. says Panayotes Demakakos. Any type of activity will help and many people dont realize it. Diabetes is more common in adults in their later 50s because they cannot get the moderate intensity workout they need. Of course, higher intensity workouts come with greater results but adults joints cant undergo the same amount of pressure on their legs as children or adolescents Many adults do exercise in places like a gym where the intensity isnt as much. Running on a tredmill rather than running outside on the road. There are not rocks or bumps on the tredmil like there would be on the road. This would create wear and tear on legs.   Physical activity is also linked to reducing hypertension also known as high blood pressure. When someone is heavy compared to their height they are considered to be overweight and when someone is 20% or more over the recoommended body weight they are considered to be obese. Studys show that Men are at risk if their waist measurement is greater than 40 inches. Studies also show that Women are at risk if their waist measurement is greater than 35 inches. This is that they are at risk for high blood pressure if their waistes are measured bigger than this. Working hard to get a solid workout down. Regular physical activitysuch as 150 minutes a week, or about 30 minutes most days of the weekcan lower your blood pressure by about 5 to 8 mm Hg if you have high blood pressure. Its good to stay active and work hard to lower blood pressure if you have it or even if you dont because it can result in death.    Physical activity prevents so many syndromes and heart issues. Just 60 minutes a day or 150 minutes a week can help with so many bodily functions. Obesity rates would go down, hih cholesterol would not be an issue, Metabolic syndrome would be less likely, people who have diabetes could have prevented it. They also can help to keep it from getting worse or sometimes it even goes away all together. Finally, just a little bit of exercise could reduce your risk of severe hypertension in the future.

Limitations From Suffering Chronic Asthma Free Essays

string(56) " school and need for special school or special classes\." One of the major public health problems facing Australia today is Asthma. It is disturbing that there has been an apparent increase in its prevalence and severity, and increased rates of hospital admissions. (E. We will write a custom essay sample on Limitations From Suffering Chronic Asthma or any similar topic only for you Order Now J. Comino, 1996) For the diagnosed patient, the degree to which he or she suffers is related to severity of the condition, compliance with recommendations by medical experts, the immediate environment and the effectiveness of education programs. Like other major health problems, asthma has varying degrees of symptoms. As such, the degree and frequency of the symptoms limits many aspects of the asthmatics life. To describe the main limitations suffered by those with chronic asthma, asthma must be defined. Asthma is a condition whereby the sufferer has difficulty breathing due to widespread narrowing of the airways of the lungs. This narrowing can be caused by a local inflammation of the air-ways, muscle contraction or the production of excess mucus with in bronchi. (R. Roberts, 1996) Most common is bronchial asthma. Medical definitions of asthma suggest that environmental triggers can substantially contribute to the occurrence of an asthma attack. The review of asthma in Victoria (1988) by the Asthma Foundation of Victoria outlined infection, exercise, climatic conditions, exposure to airborne irritants and emotional upsets as the main trigger factors. However, doctors use a general classification to identify a patients pattern of asthma†¦ classifying people who experience some symptoms of asthma on most days as having a chronic asthma condition. The classification system also extends to the categories of children, occupational asthma and asthma in later life. Usually regular medication is required to keep the lungs functioning as normally as possible. Some chronic asthmatics have severe symptoms over a long period of time and may require long term or indefinite medication to be able to lead a normal life. (Lane, 1996) The most obvious limitations suffered relate to the asthmatics physiological dysfunction. However, physiological dysfunction can in turn contribute to greater social and psychological limitations. This area is related more specifically to quality of life and morbidity and will be discussed further on. The main physiological limitation is related to the presence of the bronchial narrowing slowing the movement of air into and out of the lungs. Thus, there is difficulty both breathing in and out. Asthmatics commonly describe the feeling – tightness of the chest, congestion and wheezing. Although these symptoms can commonly occur in other chest diseases, in asthma it is a characteristic that can occur in an aggravated attack. This may be either brief episodes of chest tightness lasting a matter of minutes or a prolonged episode of wheezing lasting up to and hour, which can merge into a full blown attack of asthma. Other physiological limitations relate to the sufferers sensitivity to known triggers factors and the consequential effect on their daily functioning. The Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention (1995) states that triggers are risk factors that cause asthma exacerbation†s by inducing inflammation or provoking bronchio-constriction. This report also describes the main triggers as allergens, air pollutants, respiratory infections, exercise and hyperventilation, weather changes, allergies to foods, additives and drugs, and emotional stress. For example it is well established that viral respiratory infections can exacerbate asthma, especially in children under the age of 10. (Busse, 1993) Because the triggers may vary from person to person and from time to time, it is important to take the sufferers natural history into account and identify each individuals triggers. Therefore, an individuals identified trigger can restrict the sufferers ability to function normally. For example – an asthmatic child may try to avoid exercise for fear that it may trigger an asthmatic attack. This may in turn limit the sufferers physiological development over the long term and hence further contribute to the problem. (Global Strategy, 1995) Some psychological and social problems can also be considered as a consequence of the interaction with physiological limitations. The Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention (1995) states that â€Å"asthma is a chronic disorder that can place considerable restrictions on the physical, emotional, and social aspects of the lives of patients and may have an impact on their careers†. Chronic asthma sufferers have to live with the need for treatment and with the limitations that having asthma places on their everyday lives. It is in this context that the asthmatics life area†s are most likely to be handicapped. In general, the chronic asthmatics activity choices are particularly handicapped. †¦. especially physical education. Exercise incites airflow limitation in most children and young adults who have asthma. Exercise appears to be a specific stimulus for people with asthma because it seldom leads to airflow limitation in people without asthma. Global Strategy, 1995) More specifically sports where sustained effort is needed over a considerable period (eg long distance running) are not recommended. From a psychological point of view, the development of a positive sense of self (ie self-esteem) can be adversely affected by asthma. In one study, nearly 41 percent of parents of children with asthma said that asthma caused their children to feel self-pity. These children also were found to have low self-esteem as well as poor relationships with their peers. (Charmaz, 1983) For an adult, occupation and social life may be handicapped. A comparative study from Edinburgh (1996) between asthmatics and people with other forms of physical disability were found to have similar levels of anxiety or neuroticism. It was found most asthmatics exhibited varying levels of anxiety in relation to their beliefs and, in particular, their constant fear of another attack and anxiety over school and work prospects. (Lane, 1996). Similarly, fear also plays a predominant role in children who suffer from asthma†¦. with one in four Victorian children fearing not being able to breathe as a result of asthma (King, 1988). Furthermore, the relationship between asthma and emotional andor severe behavior problems is documented in a 1995 study by R,Bussing et al. In particular they tend to suffer from limited school functioning, inability to attend school and need for special school or special classes. You read "Limitations From Suffering Chronic Asthma" in category "Essay examples" In Australia, school loss caused by asthma accounted for approximately 965,000 days annually. (Aust Bureau Statistics, 1991) In particular poor academic performance and greater risk to learning difficulties were found to be the greatest negative consequences. (Fowler, 1992) The asthma sufferer can have a limited choice of occupations, because they are exposed to an increasingly large number of potential irritants in their working lives. In particular if specific allergies are known to exist then an occupation that exposes them to the allergens must be avoided. For instance, those sensitive to pollen should not become gardeners or those who have recurrent shortness of breath, should not become marine biologists. (Lane, 1996) 3. What can an individual do to prevent the occurrence of unnecessary as asthma attacks, or to minimize the seriousness of those that do occur? In 1989 an Australian Asthma management (AMP) plan was set up as a guideline for health professionals. The guideline was set up as a common consensus among health experts to help tackle the irregular diagnosis and treatment of asthma. More particularly, to help combat the increase of asthma induced admissions to hospitals due the occurrence of unnecessary asthma attacks. This report outlined 6 important steps to aid the doctor and the sufferer as to the basis of good asthma management. They include (1) Assess the severity of asthma; (2) achieve best lung function (3) maintain best lung function by identifying and avoiding triggers; (4) maintain best lung function with optimal medication; (5) develop an action plan; and (6) educate and review regularly. (Woolcock, 1989) Current research by Beilby (1997) highlighted that having an action plan can play a vital role in preventing hospital admissions and death from asthma. An asthma action plan is a co-ordinated method of management that covers all aspects a persons asthma – medication, triggers factors, lung function measurements, etc. To ensure greater adherence, both the patient and the doctor should fill out an asthma management chart together. It encourages self management and focuses on the importance of identifying the main trigger factors and monitoring the warning signs of an asthma attack. Essentially this involves a regular check on airway function by the use of a peak flow meter and the additional measurement of lung capacity twice a day those with severe asthma. Use of symptomatic (quick working) medication such the bronchodilator ventolin aerosol type to maintain best lung function, is recommended to reduce the seriousness of an acute attack. Doctors prescribe preventative medication such as Intal (sodium cromogylcate), anti-allergy injections and inhaled steroids for people who have severe asthma. Long term use of preventative medicine is used in conjunction with bronchodilators. After several months on preventative medicine, asthmatics find they are able to reduce their use of bronchodilators dramatically. (Prendergast, 1991) Identifying trigger factors such as allergens, infection, exercise, weather changes and emotional stress is also important. The use of a bronchodilator or Intal, before being exposed to an identified trigger factor, can reduce the likelihood of an asthmatic reaction. The asthma management chart also describes what to do if following warning signs are observed : (1) the bronchodilator doesn†t bring expected relief, (2) a decrease in the peak expiratory flow, (3) Increased breathlessness and variation in peak flow rates during the day, (4) more frequent wheezing and a persistent dry cough and (4) disturbed sleep. (Prendergast, 1991) Asthmatics who live in highly polluted areas and are surrounded by electrical appliances, high tech equipment and power lines can benefit from air ionisers and a purifiers. Individuals can also prescribe to alternative treatment (for instance the Buteyko method), various breathing exercises, physical exercise (such as swimming), a healthy diet, and natural remedies such a homeopathic and acupuncture. It has been found that these treatments should complement orthodox medication and also help reduce the reliance on it. Roberts (1996) suggest that there is evidence that the Buteyko method is effective in treating chronic asthma. Devised by professor Beteyko of Siberia, this program consists of specific relaxation techniques and shallow breathing to correct breathlessness and wheezing. For those who are prone to exercise induced asthma choosing the right type of exercise is important †¦ particularly choosing a sport that requires longer and slower breathing and/or short bursts of effort. Examples include gymnastics, cricket and basketball. Swimming with its controlled breathing pattern is also recommended as it promotes chest development, flexibility and, therefore better breathing. (Roberts, 1996) There has been extensive research into new drug treatments of asthma by pharmaceutical companies and universities over the last 20 years. One such new effective drug to emerge is a Leukotiene receptor antagonists (LTRA). It was recently introduced into Australia this year and the USA 3 years ago. In people with asthma, leukotrienes play a key role in causing the inflammation, bronchoconstriction, and mucous production that lead to coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. LTRA†s prevent leukotrienes from attaching to the proinflammatory receptors on circulating and lung cells, which contribute to asthma symptoms. Leukotriene research is the direct result of a Nobel Prize-winning discovery made by scientist Beng Samuelsson in 1979. (Lipworth, 1999) However, there needs to be further research into the efficacy and its side effects. 4. How effective are the educational programs undertaken by organizations such as Asthma Victoria? Current statistics indicate that there has been a reduction of asthma mortality and morbidity in Australia over the past 10 years. The fall in deaths from 964 in 1989 to 715 in 1997 may indicate that some of Australia†s strategies for asthma management have been successful. (NAC, 1998) The Australian Asthma Management Program provides a systematic and methodical approach to asthma care. Nevertheless, it was not formulated as an evidence based document. This means that its recommendations (devised in 1989) were not based on systematic reviews or had been ranked according to the strength supporting them. However, today there have been a number of studies reviewing the effectiveness of the AMP. One such report by the National Asthma Campaign (1999), commented on the crucial role of education in improving the management of asthma rather than the token gesture of handing over a leaflet at the end of a patient consultation. This was in relation to the 6th step – educate and review regularly and highlights the importance of education programs undertaken by organizations such as the Australian National Asthma Campaign, Asthma Victoria, the Thoracic society of Australia and New Zealand and other relevant educators. The 1990 and 1993 national surveys of 22,000 adults and 16,000 children conducted by the National Asthma Campaign (NAC) showed improved asthma management practices in the three year period. Although the changes are not necessary the direct result of the National Asthma Campaign, it is considered to be consistent with the campaign and other agencies having been successful in promoting awareness and optimal management of asthma. (Comino, 1996) One of the goals of the NAC was to reduce the reliance on daily medication and hence increase the use of preventative therapy (such as inhaled corcosteroids) for patients with moderate or severe asthma; together with written action plans based on symptom severity and measurements of lung function. Use of preventative medication was found to have increased among both children and adults. The study highlighted also that there was a significant decline in the use of daily inhaled bronchodilator drugs among children and also inappropriate medications such as antibiotics and oral prescriptions. In addition this study also showed that in 1993 survey, doctors measured lung function significantly more often than in 1990; with similar increases observed in the use of peak flow meters and written action plans. These results suggest that the Australian Asthma Management Programs are relatively effective. However, the study also points to the fact that limitations still exist. In particular there is a lack of communication and joint management strategies between specialists and GP†s, hospitals and the community; whilst the use of action plans still has considerable room for further improvement. Nonetheless, not all studies on education programs show positive conclusions. A British research paper ‘Greenwich Asthma Study† of 1291 asthmatics conducted in 1993 and 1996 found that their model of service delivery was not effective in improving the outcome of asthma in the community. The intervention program used was based on the British Thoracic Society†s guidelines and was conducted by specialist nurses in community based settings. There were similarities in the methodology and intervention measurement. However, they concluded that no evidence was found for an improvement in asthma related quality of life among newly surveyed patients in intervention practices compared with control practices. Altogether this highlights that the variability of the asthma educational programs undertaken by various major organisations make it difficult to comparatively evaluate. A comprehensive world wide study, ‘Objectives, methods and content of patient education programs for adults with asthma: systematic review of studies published between 1979 and 1998†³ found that there was great difficulty in identifying the most effective components of asthma educational programs. The main reason cited was that education programs for adults with asthma vary widely. Most reports did not specify the general (56%) and educational objectives (60%) of the intervention. Important training characteristics were often not available: duration of education (45%) and number of sessions (22%), who delivered education (15%), whether training was conducted in groups or was individualised (28%). (Sudre, 1999) Such variability suggests a lack of consensus on what educational components actually work. With insufficient documentation of asthma education programs for adults, replication is limited. In conclusion there is some evidence to suggest that written treatment management plans are most effective in improving the quality of life for people with asthma. In the Australian context the National Asthma Campaign has clearly documented program goals. However, the limitations lie in its lack of empirical evidence. In addition the reliability of the research documents in general has been brought into question by the Sudre (1999) study. Therefore it is difficult to demonstrate the most effective management plan for asthma sufferers. This issue is currently being addressed by the National Asthma Campaign and the Asthma Foundation of Victoria. The Asthma foundation is currently conducting a study into the effectiveness of their schools based program. Hopefully, this and other studies will help fill the gap associated with the effectiveness of asthma education programs. And hence secure the continuation and development of asthma education in the community. How to cite Limitations From Suffering Chronic Asthma, Essay examples Limitations From Suffering Chronic Asthma Free Essays string(40) " for special school or special classes\." One of the major public health problems facing Australia today is Asthma. It is disturbing that there has been an apparent increase in its prevalence and severity, and increased rates of hospital admissions. (E. We will write a custom essay sample on Limitations From Suffering Chronic Asthma or any similar topic only for you Order Now J.Comino, 1996) For the diagnosed patient, the degree to which he or she suffers is related to severity of the condition, compliance with recommendations by medical experts, the immediate environment and the effectiveness of education programs. Like other major health problems, asthma has varying degrees of symptoms. As such, the degree and frequency of the symptoms limits many aspects of the asthmatics life. To describe the main limitations suffered by those with chronic asthma, asthma must be defined. Asthma is a condition whereby the sufferer has difficulty breathing due to widespread narrowing of the airways of the lungs. This narrowing can be caused by a local inflammation of the air-ways, muscle contraction or the production of excess mucus with in bronchi. (R.Roberts, 1996) Most common is bronchial asthma. Medical definitions of asthma suggest that environmental triggers can substantially contribute to the occurrence of an asthma attack. The review of asthma in Victoria (1988) by the Asthma Foundation of Victoria outlined infection, exercise, climatic conditions, exposure to airborne irritants and emotional upsets as the main trigger factors. However, doctors use a general classification to identify a patients pattern of asthma†¦classifying people who experience some symptoms of asthma on most days as having a chronic asthma condition. The classification system also extends to the categories of children, occupational asthma and asthma in later life. Usually regular medication is required to keep the lungs functioning as normally as possible. Some chronic asthmatics have severe symptoms over a long period of time and may require long term or indefinite medication to be able to lead a normal life. (Lane, 1996) The most obvious limitations suffered relate to the asthmatics physiological dysfunction. However, physiological dysfunction can in turn contribute to greater social and psychological limitations. This area is related more specifically to quality of life and morbidity and will be discussed further on. The main physiological limitation is related to the presence of the bronchial narrowing slowing the movement of air into and out of the lungs. Thus, there is difficulty both breathing in and out. Asthmatics commonly describe the feeling – tightness of the chest, congestion and wheezing. Although these symptoms can commonly occur in other chest diseases, in asthma it is a characteristic that can occur in an aggravated attack. This may be either brief episodes of chest tightness lasting a matter of minutes or a prolonged episode of wheezing lasting up to and hour, which can merge into a full blown attack of asthma. (D.J.Lane, 1996) Other physiological limitations relate to the sufferers sensitivity to known triggers factors and the consequential effect on their daily functioning. The Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention (1995) states that triggers are risk factors that cause asthma exacerbation†s by inducing inflammation or provoking bronchio-constriction. This report also describes the main triggers as allergens, air pollutants, respiratory infections, exercise and hyperventilation, weather changes, allergies to foods, additives and drugs, and emotional stress. For example it is well established that viral respiratory infections can exacerbate asthma, especially in children under the age of 10. (Busse, 1993) Because the triggers may vary from person to person and from time to time, it is important to take the sufferers natural history into account and identify each individuals triggers. Therefore, an individuals identified trigger can restrict the sufferers ability to function normally. For example – an asthmatic child may try to avoid exercise for fear that it may trigger an asthmatic attack. This may in turn limit the sufferers physiological development over the long term and hence further contribute to the problem. (Global Strategy, 1995) Some psychological and social problems can also be considered as a consequence of the interaction with physiological limitations. The Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention (1995) states that â€Å"asthma is a chronic disorder that can place considerable restrictions on the physical, emotional, and social aspects of the lives of patients and may have an impact on their careers†. Chronic asthma sufferers have to live with the need for treatment and with the limitations that having asthma places on their everyday lives. It is in this context that the asthmatics life area†s are most likely to be handicapped. In general, the chronic asthmatics activity choices are particularly handicapped. †¦. especially physical education. Exercise incites airflow limitation in most children and young adults who have asthma. Exercise appears to be a specific stimulus for people with asthma because it seldom leads to airflow limitation in people without asthma. (Global Strategy, 1995) More specifically sports where sustained effort is needed over a considerable period (eg long distance running) are not recommended. From a psychological point of view, the development of a positive sense of self (ie self-esteem) can be adversely affected by asthma. In one study, nearly 41 percent of parents of children with asthma said that asthma caused their children to feel self-pity. These children also were found to have low self-esteem as well as poor relationships with their peers. (Charmaz, 1983) For an adult, occupation and social life may be handicapped. A comparative study from Edinburgh (1996) between asthmatics and people with other forms of physical disability were found to have similar levels of anxiety or neuroticism. It was found most asthmatics exhibited varying levels of anxiety in relation to their beliefs and, in particular, their constant fear of another attack and anxiety over school and work prospects. (Lane, 1996). Similarly, fear also plays a predominant role in children who suffer from asthma†¦. with one in four Victorian children fearing not being able to breathe as a result of asthma (King, 1988). Furthermore, the relationship between asthma and emotional andor severe behavior problems is documented in a 1995 study by R,Bussing et al. In particular they tend to suffer from limited school functioning, inability to attend school and need for special school or special classes. You read "Limitations From Suffering Chronic Asthma" in category "Papers" In Australia, school loss caused by asthma accounted for approximately 965,000 days annually. (Aust Bureau Statistics, 1991) In particular poor academic performance and greater risk to learning difficulties were found to be the greatest negative consequences. (Fowler, 1992) The asthma sufferer can have a limited choice of occupations, because they are exposed to an increasingly large number of potential irritants in their working lives. In particular if specific allergies are known to exist then an occupation that exposes them to the allergens must be avoided. For instance, those sensitive to pollen should not become gardeners or those who have recurrent shortness of breath, should not become marine biologists. (Lane, 1996) 3. What can an individual do to prevent the occurrence of unnecessary as asthma attacks, or to minimize the seriousness of those that do occur? In 1989 an Australian Asthma management (AMP) plan was set up as a guideline for health professionals. The guideline was set up as a common consensus among health experts to help tackle the irregular diagnosis and treatment of asthma. More particularly, to help combat the increase of asthma induced admissions to hospitals due the occurrence of unnecessary asthma attacks. This report outlined 6 important steps to aid the doctor and the sufferer as to the basis of good asthma management. They include (1) Assess the severity of asthma; (2) achieve best lung function (3) maintain best lung function by identifying and avoiding triggers; (4) maintain best lung function with optimal medication; (5) develop an action plan; and (6) educate and review regularly. (Woolcock, 1989) Current research by Beilby (1997) highlighted that having an action plan can play a vital role in preventing hospital admissions and death from asthma. An asthma action plan is a co-ordinated method of management that covers all aspects a persons asthma – medication, triggers factors, lung function measurements, etc. To ensure greater adherence, both the patient and the doctor should fill out an asthma management chart together. It encourages self management and focuses on the importance of identifying the main trigger factors and monitoring the warning signs of an asthma attack. Essentially this involves a regular check on airway function by the use of a peak flow meter and the additional measurement of lung capacity twice a day those with severe asthma. Use of symptomatic (quick working) medication such the bronchodilator ventolin aerosol type to maintain best lung function, is recommended to reduce the seriousness of an acute attack. Doctors prescribe preventative medication such as Intal (sodium cromogylcate), anti-allergy injections and inhaled steroids for people who have severe asthma. Long term use of preventative medicine is used in conjunction with bronchodilators. After several months on preventative medicine, asthmatics find they are able to reduce their use of bronchodilators dramati cally. (Prendergast, 1991) Identifying trigger factors such as allergens, infection, exercise, weather changes and emotional stress is also important. The use of a bronchodilator or Intal, before being exposed to an identified trigger factor, can reduce the likelihood of an asthmatic reaction. The asthma management chart also describes what to do if following warning signs are observed : (1) the bronchodilator doesn†t bring expected relief, (2) a decrease in the peak expiratory flow, (3) Increased breathlessness and variation in peak flow rates during the day, (4) more frequent wheezing and a persistent dry cough and (4) disturbed sleep. (Prendergast, 1991) Asthmatics who live in highly polluted areas and are surrounded by electrical appliances, high tech equipment and power lines can benefit from air ionisers and a purifiers. Individuals can also prescribe to alternative treatment (for instance the Buteyko method), various breathing exercises, physical exercise (such as swimming), a healthy diet, and natural remedies such a homeopathic and acupuncture. It has been found that these treatments should complement orthodox medication and also help reduce the reliance on it. Roberts (1996) suggest that there is evidence that the Buteyko method is effective in treating chronic asthma. Devised by professor Beteyko of Siberia, this program consists of specific relaxation techniques and shallow breathing to correct breathlessness and wheezing. For those who are prone to exercise induced asthma choosing the right type of exercise is important †¦ particularly choosing a sport that requires longer and slower breathing and/or short bursts of effort. Examples include gymnastics, cricket and basketball. Swimming with its controlled breathing pattern is also recommended as it promotes chest development, flexibility and, therefore better breathing. (Roberts, 1996) There has been extensive research into new drug treatments of asthma by pharmaceutical companies and universities over the last 20 years. One such new effective drug to emerge is a Leukotiene receptor antagonists (LTRA). It was recently introduced into Australia this year and the USA 3 years ago. In people with asthma, leukotrienes play a key role in causing the inflammation, bronchoconstriction, and mucous production that lead to coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. LTRA†s prevent leukotrienes from attaching to the proinflammatory receptors on circulating and lung cells, which contribute to asthma symptoms. Leukotriene research is the direct result of a Nobel Prize-winning discovery made by scientist Beng Samuelsson in 1979. (Lipworth, 1999) However, there needs to be further research into the efficacy and its side effects. 4. How effective are the educational programs undertaken by organizations such as Asthma Victoria? Current statistics indicate that there has been a reduction of asthma mortality and morbidity in Australia over the past 10 years. The fall in deaths from 964 in 1989 to 715 in 1997 may indicate that some of Australia†s strategies for asthma management have been successful. (NAC, 1998) The Australian Asthma Management Program provides a systematic and methodical approach to asthma care. Nevertheless, it was not formulated as an evidence based document. This means that its recommendations (devised in 1989) were not based on systematic reviews or had been ranked according to the strength supporting them. However, today there have been a number of studies reviewing the effectiveness of the AMP. One such report by the National Asthma Campaign (1999), commented on the crucial role of education in improving the management of asthma rather than the token gesture of handing over a leaflet at the end of a patient consultation. This was in relation to the 6th step – educate and review regularly and highlights the importance of education programs undertaken by organizations such as the Australian National Asthma Campaign, Asthma Victoria, the Thoracic society of Australia and New Zealand and other relevant educators. The 1990 and 1993 national surveys of 22,000 adults and 16,000 children conducted by the National Asthma Campaign (NAC) showed improved asthma management practices in the three year period. Although the changes are not necessary the direct result of the National Asthma Campaign, it is considered to be consistent with the campaign and other agencies having been successful in promoting awareness and optimal management of asthma. (Comino, 1996) One of the goals of the NAC was to reduce the reliance on daily medication and hence increase the use of preventative therapy (such as inhaled corcosteroids) for patients with moderate or severe asthma; together with written action plans based on symptom severity and measurements of lung function. Use of preventative medication was found to have increased among both children and adults. The study highlighted also that there was a significant decline in the use of daily inhaled bronchodilator drugs among children and also inappropriate medications such as antibiotics and oral prescriptions. In addition this study also showed that in 1993 survey, doctors measured lung function significantly more often than in 1990; with similar increases observed in the use of peak flow meters and written action plans. (Comino, 1996) These results suggest that the Australian Asthma Management Programs are relatively effective. However, the study also points to the fact that limitations still exist. In particular there is a lack of communication and joint management strategies between specialists and GP†s, hospitals and the community; whilst the use of action plans still has considerable room for further improvement. Nonetheless, not all studies on education programs show positive conclusions. A British research paper ‘Greenwich Asthma Study† of 1291 asthmatics conducted in 1993 and 1996 found that their model of service delivery was not effective in improving the outcome of asthma in the community. The intervention program used was based on the British Thoracic Society†s guidelines and was conducted by specialist nurses in community based settings. There were similarities in the methodology and intervention measurement. However, they concluded that no evidence was found for an improvement in asthma related quality of life among newly surveyed patients in intervention practices compared with control practices. (Premaratne, 1999) Altogether this highlights that the variability of the asthma educational programs undertaken by various major organisations make it difficult to comparatively evaluate. A comprehensive world wide study, ‘Objectives, methods and content of patient education programs for adults with asthma: systematic review of studies published between 1979 and 1998†³ found that there was great difficulty in identifying the most effective components of asthma educational programs. The main reason cited was that education programs for adults with asthma vary widely. Most reports did not specify the general (56%) and educational objectives (60%) of the intervention. Important training characteristics were often not available: duration of education (45%) and number of sessions (22%), who delivered education (15%), whether training was conducted in groups or was individualised (28%). (Sudre, 1999) Such variability suggests a lack of consensus on what educational components actually work. With insufficient documentation of asthma education programs for adults, replication is limited. In conclusion there is some evidence to suggest that written treatment management plans are most effective in improving the quality of life for people with asthma. In the Australian context the National Asthma Campaign has clearly documented program goals. However, the limitations lie in its lack of empirical evidence. In addition the reliability of the research documents in general has been brought into question by the Sudre (1999) study. Therefore it is difficult to demonstrate the most effective management plan for asthma sufferers. This issue is currently being addressed by the National Asthma Campaign and the Asthma Foundation of Victoria. The Asthma foundation is currently conducting a study into the effectiveness of their schools based program. Hopefully, this and other studies will help fill the gap associated with the effectiveness of asthma education programs. And hence secure the continuation and development of asthma education in the community. How to cite Limitations From Suffering Chronic Asthma, Papers

Preparing for Incidents of Terrorism at the Local Level

Introduction It is no doubt that terrorism impacts are harsh and among the worst evils perpetrated by humans against fellow mankind. The 9/11 bombings and the bombings conducted on the pentagon and the World Trade Centre have left even the most powerful nation; the United States of America, in much fear and with much consideration of what the terrorists might be planning to  execute in the near future.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Preparing for Incidents of Terrorism at the Local Level specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Terrorism has become one among the worst effects of globalization. With ease of movement, every nation ranging from Africa’s Kenya and Uganda to the worlds most powerful, the U.S and Britain which have witnessed the devastating impact of terrorism. The vulnerability has led governments, institutions and individuals at national and local level into preventative measures in case t he terrorist attack once again. The preparation is being performed in an effort to reduce the stress and fear of what might happen. Apart from people becoming more cautious of the unexpected, at the local level campaigns and mobilization are being conducted to make people of the sudden terror attacks (Victor, 2006). Preparing for Incidents of Terrorism at the Local Level In an evaluation of the area surrounding Saint Leo, much has been done to prepare the community with skills to prepare them in an event of a terror attack. Many of the initiatives are conducted to educate individuals and their families on how to take precautionary measures (Victor, 2006). Most of the effort is sector based and directed towards the local community. Mutual aid agreements are made within the local unit to strengthen the community response function, as well as work with the federal sates so as to improve the answer on terror attacks. According to several sources, the first step in preparing for the sudd en panic attacks is to solicit information on what actually happens when terror attacks actually repeats itself. History always repeats itself, and there can be no dispute that terrorism attacks in every part of the world are perpetrated by the same individuals, in the same manner with the same motive. With lessons from the past, it is celebrated for every man to prepare themselves with knowledge of what actually happens when the terrorist attack (Sageman, 2000). Learning from areas where terrorist has already struck, people should become knowledgeable. This can be done at an individual level, where a person personally takes the initiative to search for information. This may include special levels where the head of the family or one family member seeks information and uses it to educate others on the best method of responding to fatalities.Advertising Looking for research paper on political culture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn Mo re The effect of terrorism is detrimental to an entire body and putting this in mind, it is necessary to have someone who the body can communicate to in times when the disaster strikes (Sageman, 2000; Victor, 2006). The concerned individuals should be perfectly aware of the various ways of accessing the person that will need assistance during the rescue mission. In that essence, the operation group must figure out effective ways of reaching the victims on the ground. A reliable family friend or relative should be chosen so that the person is free and does not disappoint incase of disaster. In so doing, the person should be far aware from the community so that they are not direct victims in case of the terror attacks. On the other hand, they should not be too far so that travelling and communication becomes a problem. When travelling is not a problem, the individual can be consulted to come for the victims in case the terror attacks cause harm to means of transport for the person o r their family. Many times, terror attacks occur when family members are not running. It is therefore, crucial locally to equip every single member of the family with telephone contacts of the person who will become the liberation of the family in case of terror attacks. School going children should be given the telephone number of the person, and in every school, there should be a section where parents and guardians can make the emergency number of the person to be contacted incase of terror attacks (Michael, 2006; Sageman, 2000). While mobile phones have become the most appropriate means of communication in the modern society, it is also necessary to rely on emails and other forms of online communication since during attacks, telephone lines and mobile phone networks may become congested. It is necessary to make everyone aware at the local level to be calm in times of attacks because their calls to the person who will appear in their release might not be answered at the first inst ance of calling (Sageman, 2000). After having an official emergency rescue system and open channel of communication, it is acceptable for every person to identify their audience ground with their fellow tribe members or their friends who will assist in the event of a terror attacks. This step is particularly necessary because of the uncertainty that accompanies many terror attacks (Michael, 2006). At such times, people hardly think right and often go round in circles due to the heartache that comes with the monster incidents. Having a preliminary means that includes a meeting place reduces much trouble and helps curb the misery that is likely to be witnessed in case of terror. Also, having a meeting place way in advance helps simplify the process of coming into terms with reality and reducing the time spent in the search for a successful meeting ground. As discussed earlier, relations might become a problem in such a time and trying to discover each other will become more complicate d if there was not any agreed meeting place. While the agreed place might be a hotel, it is also crucial to include a place for pets while coming up with such a plan since many hotels policies bar pets.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Preparing for Incidents of Terrorism at the Local Level specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Many terror attacks strike when nobody is expecting them to strike. In light of this, it is crucial for every family to be educated and have hardware that the family can rely upon when the terrorism attack occurs. The number one requirement in such a kit should be medication for any sick family member that relies on them for assistance. For instance, this may include asthmatic children or treatment of diabetic individuals (Arnaud, 2007; Michael, 2006). Secondly, such a kit to rely on incase of failure should include significant essentials for every family member such clothes. In case t here is a member of the family with any form of disability, it will be necessary to have all their necessities within the kit. In addition, it is necessary to include necessities for any elderly members or system food for newborn children. Having emergency equipment will make the family members more comfortable and reduce the burden of the attacks. At the local level, such kits should not miss bottled water and food since they are necessities for survival. On the other hand, having a sleeping bag and additional copies of critical certificates for every family member such as copies of the family will, copies of the driving license, life insurance policies, copies of marriage certificates, as well as birth certificates for the children will help provide closure to the package (Allan, 2003). All this can be stored in a family friend’s house inform of a duffel bag. In connection, schools also play a significant role during the planning process against terror attack; hence, they s hould never be neglected. As a matter of fact, it is necessary for every school to ensure it has an acceptable plan in case of terror attack. In case of such attacks, the school should instruct the children on an evacuation plan. Secondly, there should be an acceptable alignment with parents on how the children are sheltered or picked in case of an emergency. As such, schools should seek to eliminate unnecessary confusion and try to become as prepared as possible. Where parents are not available to pick up their children, the following should adequately inform the parents on what is required for someone else to pick up their child from school (Arnaud, 2007). As discussed earlier, telephone become jammed incase of disaster, and it is noteworthy that the school equips the parent with an email address that is used in cases of emergency rather than relying in the inconvenience and frustrations of jammed telephone lines.Advertising Looking for research paper on political culture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand, modern communication technologies mobilization at the local level has become efficient through the use of local radio stations. Local radio stations can be of considerable help in preparing for a terror attacks. The first step in utilizing local radio stations is to assist in case disaster strikes. This is achieved by training every practitioner in the station on how to communicate terror, as well as calm down the affected public. Officials in charge of emergency and disasters such as terrorism attacks and opinion leaders in the community should also be trained on how to address people by utilizing the local radio station. In doing so, it is necessary to know that when utilizing the media, it can be a double edging sword. The words used can either bring hope and calm to the victims of terror or accelerate tension and fear among the local communities. Therefore, the concerned individuals must consider every tone used while addressing issues of terror attacks. In co nnection, the local radio station can be a procedure that will help people assemble into a safe ground and also provide a channel of communication through which various members of the community can access each other. Emergency officials can also utilize the local radio station to direct individuals on the way forward (Arnaud, 2007). There is no better way to prepare individuals within a local community against a foreseen disaster than to train them on how to conduct first aid and evacuation strategies. As a result, the population will be well informed on the methods of assisting the injured before professional assistance can be traced. First aid is an essential tool in saving lives and equipping a proportionate number of the local community with first aid skills can be a key to saving lives (Allan, 2003). The trained individuals should be equally distributed in the region and well reliable to be in the community in case of an emergency. By being distributed in the region, the commun ity ensures that in whichever direction or location, the disaster strikes, there will be individuals well vast with first aid who will come to the rescue of the community. As a matter of fact, reliability assures availability in situations of terror attacks. As witnessed in the 911 attack, terror attacks may be accompanied by massive destruction within the transport and communication network, as well as in the affected building structures (Arnaud, 2007). As a preparatory measure, it is essential that every employer ensure they are well vast with the medical conditions of all their employees. Alongside the medical information, every employer should have sufficient contacts of members so as to allow for an effective communication (Allan, 2003). When terrorism attacks occur, health and medical facilities become jam-packed by the large number of casualties. As such, it is necessary that every health facility become prepared for such disasters; hence, ensure that they are well equipped t o handle the situation. In addition, it is necessary to equip the facilities with practitioners who will attend to the mental condition of victims, which comes as a result of trauma among some of the victims. Consequently, it will be an added advantage to have adequate personnel and bed spaces, which will ensure that there will be minimal overcrowding within such medical facilities. In the long run, all the injured persons will receive adequate treatment and be discharged in a timely manner. On several occasions, the media is perceived to have a harmful weight on the health and well being of the affected parties. This happens when media group tend to pressure already traumatized individuals into giving information about the occurrences and their experience. Therefore, it would be beneficial to try and control the media in future attacks so as to allow quick recovery among the victims of attack (Allan, 2003). While trying to establish the cause of attack, the media will go as far as intruding into the lives of the victims so as to get substantial evidence that will support their writing. As such, it will be beneficial to train the media practitioners on how to interview victims on an attack without causing further trauma. Summary of Findings Considering the legal implications of terror attacks, there will be heavy enforcement of laws at local, national and international level. At the local level, roads may be temporary blocked, and vehicles may be thoroughly scanned. It is necessary to educate legal officers to deal with the crisis appropriately while ensuring that perpetrators do not escape at close distance unnoticed. Though there are rare cases of people getting infected in the course of conducting rescue, it is necessary to educate everyone appropriately. As a first step, people should be trained to avoid direct contact with blood especially on exposed parts of their bodies and there should be readily available gloves to people conducting first aid and resc ue missions. As much as possible, children should be protected from witnessing the terror impacts as well as from watching any unedited information. Parents should be well informed in advance in order to expose children to only information that will not have a negative impact of their mental health. Another crucial way in which people can prepare for terror activities is by being keen of their surrounding and any unusual occurrence (Allan, 2003). Though terror activities strike when the victims least expects, the best way to prepare for the unusual is being aware of the usual environment. Despite, terror activities happen in unusual manners. People should be keen with their environment so that in case of any alterations within the environment, they can easily notice and report to the authority. For instance, when a person is keen with the speed limit within the locality, they can detect a vehicle that is intended to conduct some illegal business. As such, individuals must strive to be careful with strangers; hence, refrain from receiving unnecessary packages from them. Conclusions In conclusion, preparing for terrorism attacks is never an easy task for any individual or local community. At times, the community can be called to take precautionary measures like any other disaster despite the fact that terrorism is a more complex act than many other known attacks. Individuals need to be on the lookout at every single minute of their lives because it can never be easy to predict when terror attacks. As established, it is remarkably important to plan against terror attack since this will minimize the risk of the vice occurring, or limit the effect that such a disaster can cause on the local population. References Allan, M. (2003). Why Terrorism Works: Understanding The Threat Responding To The  Challenge. Yale: Yale University Press. Arnaud, G. (2007).The History of Terrorism: From Antiquity to Al Qaeda. California: University of California. Michael, P. (2006). T he Terrorist Identity: Explaining the Terrorist Threat. New York, NY: New York University Press. Sageman, M. (2000). Leaderless Jihad: Terror Networks in the Twenty First Century.  London: University of Pennsylvania Press. Victor, E. (2006). Preparing the US Army for Homeland Security: Concept and Issues. New York, NY: Rand Corporation. This research paper on Preparing for Incidents of Terrorism at the Local Level was written and submitted by user John Webb to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.